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Start date: 2023Geographical Area: search.filters.geographical.Canada

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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparity among top North American medical schools and their affiliated radiology departments Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-01)
    Ahmadi, Shukria
    ;
    Joarder, Ishraq
    ;
    Rotter, Lara K
    ;
    Hussain, Mehwish
    ;
    Yong-Hing, Charlotte J
    Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the degree of gender disparity in leadership positions at the top 25 medical schools in North America compared to their affiliated radiology departments. Methods The academic rank and leadership appointment of medical school and radiology faculty were obtained from publicly available official websites between June-November 2022. Gender was determined using self-identified pronouns on website biographies. Alternatively, gender API software was used. Finally, SCOPUS Elsevier was used to extract research output metrics including publication counts, citations, and h-indices. Statistical analysis was conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 software. Results 2216 individuals across 25 medical schools were included in this study. 1301 (58.7 %) were part of the medical school and 915 (41.3 %) were part of the affiliated radiology departments. Additionally, 1575 (71.1 %) were identified as men and 641 (28.9 %) as women. Rank biserial correlations showed a significant association between higher academic rank and male gender (rpb = 0.143, p < 0.001) regardless of affiliation (medical school leadership versus radiology faculty); this disparity was largest at the highest academic ranks. Male gender was associated with higher research productivity relative to female gender regardless of affiliation (p < 0.001). There were minimal statistical differences in leadership positions between genders, however the proportion of men holding the position of dean was two times higher than women. Conclusion The underrepresentation of women in academic medicine is prevalent in the top-ranking medical institutions in North America and disproportionately involves senior academic ranks and leadership positions.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Beyond the Scores: Gendered Interpretations of Emergency Medicine Resident Assessments of Interdependent Performances Open PDF 
    (Ubiquity Press, Ltd., 2025-08-21)
    El Galad, Asil
    ;
    Sebok-Syer, Stefanie S.
    ;
    Panza, Michael
    ;
    Ng, Kristen
    ;
    Lingard, Lorelei
    PURPOSE: In medicine, gender bias and gendered language within assessments of individual performance are well established. Recent shifts toward assessing interdependence (the ability to work supportively and collaboratively within teams) demand we understand how gender bias and gendered language influence assessments. In exploring how faculty assess residents' interdependent performances, this study evaluated how gender-presentation influences faculty raters' assessments of residents' interdependence in Emergency Medicine (EM). METHODS: Using a multiple-methods (an experimental within-subjects study with follow-up interviews), 18 EM faculty from Canada and the United States assessed scripted videos of identical clinical encounters acted by male- and female-presenting residents. Faculty assessed female residents via anonymous online surveys and, six months later, assessed male residents via follow-up interviews using the same clinical scenarios. After every clip, faculty completed entrustable professional activity (EPA) and Milestone ratings and provided narrative justifications. Statistical analyses were conducted using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess gender differences in EPA and Milestone scores. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring, gendered patterns in narrative justifications. RESULTS: Quantitative results revealed no gender differences in Milestone and EPA scores, except for the resuscitation entrustment rating, where male residents were rated less favorably (z = -3.09, p = 0.002). Qualitative findings uncovered subtle gender differences. For the same clinical performances, male residents were frequently described as leaders, while female residents as collaborative. Furthermore, male residents' help-seeking was framed as proactive, whereas female residents' help-seeking was indicative of lacking knowledge. Finally, bias was not consistent across genders: male leadership expectations could negatively flavor assessments of male collaborative performances. CONCLUSION: EPA and Milestone scores showed marginal gender-based differences, while narrative justifications reflected clear gendered expectations about residents' interdependence. These findings highlight the need for equity-oriented assessment practices that interrogate both the numbers and the narratives. As team-based competencies like interdependence become central to clinical training, ensuring that assessments reflect fair, unbiased interpretations are essential to supporting all learners equitably.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Assessing and improving women representation in radiology leadership positions Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-01)
    Sharma, Sonali
    ;
    Malik, Aleena
    ;
    Matschek, Jessica
    ;
    Zaki-Metias, Kaitlin M.
    ;
    Gandhi, Rushali
    Gender representation remains a critical issue in professions, especially within medical specialties like radiology, where the representation of women in leadership roles significantly lags. Despite a promising increase in women physicians in Canada, reaching 42.7% by 2019, radiology showcases a stark gender disparity, particularly in leadership positions. This article examines the barriers hindering women's advancement in radiology and proposes actionable solutions to cultivate a more equitable environment. It highlights the underrepresentation of women in radiology leadership across the United States and Canada, with women holding significantly fewer senior academic positions and leadership roles. Key barriers include a lack of women role models, gender-based obstacles in research opportunities, and by design discriminatory practices. Solutions proposed include the establishment of mentorship programs, and inclusive policies at multiple organizational levels such as at the level of trainees, faculty and leadership positions including chair of the department. Additionally, policies and initiatives centred on education and training in unconscious bias, the creation of professional groups for women in radiology, and interventions to address unsafe work environments.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Examining Gender Differences in Faculty Promotion Among Canadian Dental Schools Open PDF 
    (Wiley, 2025-10-03)
    Ramadan, Roba
    ;
    Williams, Lauren
    ;
    Siqueira, Michelle F.
    ABSTRACT Objectives There is limited research on gender differences in academic dentistry and leadership within Canadian dental schools. This novel study aimed to assess gender trends among dental school faculty, deanship positions, and student convocation, as well as explore faculty perspectives on institutional attitudes toward gender equality in Canadian dental schools. Methods Data were gathered and analyzed from all 10 Canadian dental schools' public websites for the categories of academic faculty, deans, and student convocation. An anonymous survey was sent to faculty members (n = 518) through SurveyMonkey. Statistical analysis was performed through IBM SPSS 28.0 to determine if any statistically significant differences in gender occurred. Results An average of 12.3% more women graduated than men in 2019–2024, a trend not yet present within academic faculty. A statistically significant gender gap exists when comparing assistant, associate, and full professor positions (p = 0.019). In addition, the difference between men and women among individuals holding interim and permanent dean roles is statistically significant (p = < 0.001). Survey results indicate a positive outlook on gender inclusion within institutions; yet a large proportion of respondents ( > 50%) either agreed or were unsure on whether gender influenced their career progression and their ability to negotiate wages. Conclusion This study significantly contributes to the understanding of current gender trends and beliefs that exist in Canadian dental schools. While strides have been made to close the gender gap, there are instances in which these differences should not be ignored. Results emphasize a need for initiatives that support gender parity within the academic setting, such as mentorship opportunities for women, greater institutional support for parents, and better data repositories that make gender trend data more easily accessible. Further research could investigate gender trends within dental specialties/residencies and possible wage disparities that affect dental schools' faculty.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Representation Among Major Plastic Surgery Society Achievement Award Recipients Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Ni, Tiffany
    ;
    Cebron, Urska
    ;
    Zuo, Kevin J.
    ;
    Stefaniuk, Stephanie
    ;
    Snell, Laura
    Purpose: Professional achievement awards are an important factor in recruitment, promotion, and faculty review within academic institutions. Studies have shown that subconscious, gender-based assumptions of individuals and their work in traditionally male-dominated fields lead to more positive evaluations of men than women, a phenomenon present among scientific and medical award committees. This study examined gender representation among recipients of major North American plastic surgery society awards over the last 50 years. Methods: Recipient lists of major achievement awards bestowed by ten American and Canadian plastic surgery societies between 1970 and 2020 were accessed online or by direct contact with the society. Awardee gender, institution affiliation, graduation year, fellowship status, and additional major awards received were recorded. Comparisons were made between gender representation among society presidents, board membership, general society memberships, attending physicians, and plastic surgery residency enrolment. Results: Thirty-two major awards given by ten plastic surgery societies were included. Six hundred and twenty-five awards were conferred, of which 47 recipients were female (7.5%). Of the 121 individuals that received multiple major awards, 8 were female. Two-thirds of female awardees (72%) were clinical plastic surgeons and the remainder were scientists. Over the past 50 years, there has been a gradual increase in the proportion of female award winners. Conclusions: Despite a gradual increase in the proportion of female awardees in major plastic surgery societies, female plastic surgeons remain underrepresented among awardees, with less than 10% of major awards conferred to females.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender differences in representation, citations, and h-index: An empirical examination of the field of communication across the ten most productive countries Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Goyanes, Manuel
    ;
    Herrero, Esperanza
    ;
    de-Marcos, Luis
    Women researchers have been shown to be underrepresented in science, especially among the most productive scholars. This is especially relevant in the social sciences and humanities fields, where gender parity is closer, but disparities among top scholars are still pronounced. The gender gap in the field of communication has been explored from several approaches, but studies focusing on gender differences in representation, citations, and h-index are rather scarce. Drawing upon data retrieved from SciVal, we conducted a comparative study of the top 500 and top 100 most productive scholars (N = 5000) for each of the ten most productive countries in communication research in the 2019-2022 period: the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Spain, Germany, India, Australia, Canada, Italy, and the Netherlands. The results indicate a consistent underrepresentation of women, particularly among the top 500, across countries. Despite women being cited more frequently than men in some countries over shorter time frames, a gender bias persists favoring men, particularly when considering the h-index. All in all, our study shows that, despite hints of gender equality in citation patterns, the gender gap still constitutes a structural part of the field of communication when addressing gender representation in research productivity and long-term dynamics of research impact.
  • Item type:Publication,
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Gap in the Authorship of Scientific Publications: An Analysis Based on Revista Chilena de Fonoaudiología
    (2024)
    Toledo-Rodríguez, L.
    ;
    Torres-Morales, F.
    ;
    Escobar, C.Á.
    ;
    Jara, C.
    ;
    Jiménez-Moya, G.
    Gender inequality is present in various social contexts, including academia and scientific practices, as reflected in the authorship of publications. The aim of this study is to determine whether differences exist between men and women regarding first authorship, the thematic areas investigated, and the effect of the first author's gender on team composition in articles published in Revista Chilena de Fonoaudiología between 1999 and 2020. An analytical and retrospective study was conducted using univariate Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with a log link, Poisson family, and robust estimation. The results showed that 53.4% of the articles had a woman as the first author, which dropped to 43.8% between 2016 and 2020. Men predominated in areas such as swallowing and voice, while women were more prominent in child communication and language (61.9%). Additionally, the probability of women being co-authors decreases when men are the first authors. These results indicate that, despite the relevant role of female scientists, the gender gap in publications persists. © 2024, Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    COVID-19 and the gender gap in research productivity: understanding the effect of having primary responsibility for the care of children Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Peetz, D.
    ;
    Preston, A.
    ;
    Walsworth, S.
    ;
    Weststar, J.
    In this paper we contribute to the emerging literature on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gender gap in research productivity. We extend previous studies by considering men and women academics from science and non-science disciplines through an analysis of data from academics at 14 universities across two countries (seven in Australia and seven in Canada) and focusing on the role of primary caregiving. Our empirical approach used logistic regressions and the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique. The latter enabled us to ask: ‘How much of the gender gap in perceived productivity during the pandemic is due to gender differences in primary care responsibilities?’ Within the sample (N = 2,817) of academics, 33% of women and 25% of men reported that their perceived publication ability decreased a lot during the pandemic. This is an eight percentage-point gender gap in perceived publication ability. Statistical analysis revealed that two-fifths (40%) of this gap may be explained by gender differences in having primary responsibility for the care of children. Gender differences in other characteristics such as age, discipline, and increased teaching and administrative work were not, as a group, significant. There were also no differences between Australia and Canada. The findings are important, particularly for the pursuit of gender equality within academia. In the absence of specific mitigating interventions, research disruptions in 2020 may have long-lasting career scarring effects (e.g. hiring, promotion, tenure) and, as a result, see women further disadvantaged within the academy. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Analysis of Additional Degrees in Academic Plastic Surgery Faculty Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Chawla, Sahil
    ;
    Faheem, Sarim
    ;
    Moreton, Michael L.
    ;
    Sekhon, Amardeep
    ;
    Amornteerasawas, Orapin M.
    Background: As plastic surgery continues to evolve, an increasing number of surgeons are attaining additional degrees (ADs). Prior studies illustrate this trend of increased AD attainment among plastic surgery faculty within the United States. Yet, no such study has documented AD attainment variability and influence within Canadian plastic surgery faculty. Objectives: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between AD attainment and gender, alongside research productivity, and academic rank of Canadian plastic surgery faculty members. Methods: All Canadian academic plastic surgery faculty members were identified and information regarding gender, academic rank, research productivity, timing of AD attainment was recorded. AD was defined as any degree beyond a medical degree or equivalent. Results: A total of 299 faculty members were identified. Of these, 33% (N = 99) attained an AD. A higher percentage of females (40%) obtained ADs compared to males (30%) (P = .0402). When controlling for number of years in practice, there was a significantly larger proportion of females than males with ADs as assistant and associate professor (P = .033). Faculty with ADs were associated with higher research productivity and higher academic rank than those with MDs (P < .05). ADs were commonly obtained post-residency (38%) and most common ADs were MSc (51%) and PhDs (21%). It was found that the Canadian plastic surgeons were less likely to pursue MBAs than US plastic surgeons (P = .002). Conclusion: One-third of Canadian academic plastic surgeons had ADs. Those with ADs present with higher research productivity and academic rank. When segmented by gender, there were significant differences among AD holders. The results of this study will lend support to ongoing endeavors voicing the need for gender equity in academic plastic surgery.