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Language: search.filters.language.EnglishSubject: search.filters.subject.Gender Discrimination

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  • Item type:Publication,
    Breaking the glass door in academia? Looking at the role of scientific fields and contextual factors in moderating the gender gap in recruitment: evidence from Italy Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-15)
    Gaiaschi, Camilla
    Women's presence in academia has sharply increased in recent years, but gender inequalities in career progression persist. Italy makes no exception to this trend as different studies on the promotion gap to associate and to full professors have suggested. However, no measure of the adjusted gender differential in the previous steps of the career, that is in the transition from the post-doc to the assistant professor position, has been provided so far. This paper aims to fulfill this gap by means of an original, longitudinal, and multi-source dataset on the Italian academic population which has allowed to measure the female disadvantage in recruitment by controlling for a large set of confounding characteristics including individual productivity and, most especially, contextual factors, which have been under-explored so far. Results suggest that women face a small adjusted penalty, of around 3-4%, in academic recruitment. However, when disentangling the analyses by scientific field, strong differences emerge, with the gap reaching a maximum of - 10% in physics while being non-significant in many SSH. Within the STEMM, the life sciences, driven by medicine and biology, appear more gender unequal than many hard sciences. Moreover, a growing number of female full professors in the sub-field and working in a department with good financial resources represent two factors that have a moderate role in reducing the gap. All in all, this work sheds light on the importance of organizational and institutional factors in explaining the gender gap thus calling for structural interventions to make universities more inclusive towards women.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender equity in scientific production in Peru and Colombia: reality or utopia in public universities? Open PDF 
    (F1000 Research Ltd, 2025-10-17)
    Colina Ysea, Félix José
    ;
    Pantigoso Leython, Nathalí
    ;
    Abad Lezama, Irene Roxana
    ;
    Jara Llanos, Gleny Secibel
    ;
    Chávez Campo, Soledad Mirella
    Background Within the context of research, gender equity in public universities entails significant challenges that must be addressed, leading to the restructuring of processes related to philosophy, paradigm, and management policies. This restructuring enables the conceptualization of an educational paradigm in which both men and women can cultivate their potential in an equitable manner, thereby generating scientific, technological, social, and humanistic knowledge within the scientific realm. Methods The objective of this research was to analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with achieving gender equity in the scientific production of national universities in Peru and Colombia. A mixed-methods approach was employed to gain a global understanding of the phenomenon under study, allowing for the analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data depending on the research focus. The population and sample were defined by the national universities of Peru and Colombia, analyzing scientific production in both countries and establishing trends between male and female contributors. The technique used for quantitative data was documentary analysis of scientific production, utilizing the Scopus database for analysis. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with research managers. Instruments included a summary sheet and an interview protocol. Results The results indicate a pronounced tendency toward higher scientific production among men across various fields of knowledge. This phenomenon exacerbates the existing gender parity gap and effectively relegates women to a secondary role within the academic landscape. Conclusions It is concluded that national universities in Peru and Colombia must undergo restructuring processes in their organizational functions, with gender equity as a central component, in order to contribute to the co-construction of a fair and balanced society.
  • Item type:Publication,
    A Gravid Situation: General Surgery Faculty Support for Pregnant Surgical Residents Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Freudenberger, Devon C.
    ;
    Riner, Andrea N.
    ;
    Herremans, Kelly M.
    ;
    Vudatha, Vignesh
    ;
    McGuire, Kandace P.
    INTRODUCTION: The perceptions of teaching faculty toward pregnant general surgery residents have been overlooked despite the daily interactions amongst these groups. METHODS: A 32-question survey designed to measure general surgery teaching faculty perceptions toward pregnant residents was distributed electronically from March 2022 to April 2022 to general surgery teaching faculty in the United States. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize responses and differences in perceptions, and qualitative analysis identified recurring themes from free-text responses. RESULTS: Among 163 respondents included in the final analysis, 58.5% were male and 41.5% were female. Despite 99.4% of surgeons feeling comfortable if a resident told them they were pregnant, 22.4% of surgeons disagreed that their institutions have supportive cultures toward pregnancy. Almost half (45.4%) have witnessed negative comments about pregnant residents and half (50.3%) believe that pregnant surgical residents are discriminated against by their coresidents. Nearly two-thirds of surgeons (64.8%) believe that someone should have a child whenever they wish during training. Given recent reports, 80.2% of surgeons recognized that female surgeons have increased risks of infertility and pregnancy complications. Recurring themes of normalizing pregnancy, improving policies, and creating a culture change were expressed. CONCLUSIONS: In this national survey, although there appears to be positive perceptions of pregnancy in surgical training amongst those surveyed, there is acknowledged necessity of further normalizing pregnancy and improving policies to better support pregnant residents. These data provide further evidence that though perceptions may be improving, changes are still needed to better support pregnancy during training.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Breaking through the glass ceiling. Simulating policies to close the gender gap in the Italian academia Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Filandri, M.
    ;
    Pasqua, S.
    ;
    Priori, E.
    As gender discrimination in academia is still far from being resolved, the recent debate focuses on the policies that can be adopted to increase gender balance in university systems. We construct a virtual academia—scaling down Italian academia in 2019—and simulate the evolution of its gender composition using an agent-based model that considers the complex nature of gender discrimination. Our findings show that, despite the rhetoric of meritocracy, a one-hundred-year period would not be enough to close the gender gap, even assuming that female researchers have the same scientific productivity as their male colleagues. To achieve more gender equality, universities should implement a set of policies that includes maternity bonuses in the evaluation of the CVs of female candidates for promotion, rules for a more gender balanced composition of the committees evaluating candidates for promotion, and gender quotas in promotions to full professorships. The gender gap in the Italian academia will close only when all these policies are introduced simultaneously. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
  • Item type:Publication,
    Bias against research on gender bias Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Cislak, Aleksandra
    ;
    Formanowicz, Magdalena
    ;
    Saguy, Tamar
    The bias against women in academia is a documented phenomenon that has had detrimental consequences, not only for women, but also for the quality of science. First, gender bias in academia affects female scientists, resulting in their underrepresentation in academic institutions, particularly in higher ranks. The second type of gender bias in science relates to some findings applying only to male participants, which produces biased knowledge. Here, we identify a third potentially powerful source of gender bias in academia: the bias against research on gender bias. In a bibliometric investigation covering a broad range of social sciences, we analyzed published articles on gender bias and race bias and established that articles on gender bias are funded less often and published in journals with a lower Impact Factor than articles on comparable instances of social discrimination. This result suggests the possibility of an underappreciation of the phenomenon of gender bias and related research within the academic community. Addressing this meta-bias is crucial for the further examination of gender inequality, which severely affects many women across the world.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields. Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Aguinis, Herman
    ;
    Ji, Young Hun
    ;
    Joo, Harry
    We examined the gender productivity gap in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and other scientific fields (i.e., applied psychology, mathematical psychology), specifically among star performers. Study 1 included 3,853 researchers who published 3,161 articles in mathematics. Study 2 included 45,007 researchers who published 7,746 articles in genetics. Study 3 included 4,081 researchers who published 2,807 articles in applied psychology and 6,337 researchers who published 3,796 articles in mathematical psychology. Results showed that (a) the power law with exponential cutoff is the best-fitting distribution of research productivity across fields and gender groups and (b) there is a considerable gender productivity gap among stars in favor of men across fields. Specifically, the underrepresentation of women is more extreme as we consider more elite ranges of performance (i.e., top 10%, 5%, and 1% of performers). Conceptually, results suggest that individuals vary in research productivity predominantly because of the generative mechanism of incremental differentiation, which is the mechanism that produces power laws with exponential cutoffs. Also, results suggest that incremental differentiation occurs to a greater degree among men and certain forms of discrimination may disproportionately constrain women's output increments. Practically, results suggest that women may have to accumulate more scientific knowledge, resources, and social capital to achieve the same level of increase in total outputs as their male counterparts. Finally, we offer recommendations on interventions aimed at reducing constraints for incremental differentiation among women that could be useful for narrowing the gender productivity gap specifically among star performers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).