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  • Item type:Publication,
    Trends in Women Authoring Editorials in Cardiothoracic Surgery Journals. Open PDF 
    (2026-05-01)
    Lee, Emily Hyunmin
    ;
    Gomes, Zoya
    ;
    Kim, Jinny Minji
    ;
    Liblik, Kiera
    ;
    Travis, Nicole
    INTRODUCTION: Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions and academia in cardiothoracic surgery, creating barriers to career advancement and limiting role models for trainees. While publications are used to measure success in academia, invited articles such as editorials often represent a formal recognition of expertise. The objective of this study was to identify trends in the gender of editorial authors published in cardiothoracic surgery journals. METHODS: Editorials published between 2018 and 2022 across 16 peer-reviewed cardiothoracic surgery journals were analyzed. Author gender was estimated using a validated tool (https://gender-api.com/) with additional verification using available institutional profiles. RESULTS: In total, 806 editorials were published with a total of 1,858 authors (293 women, 16%). Women authors were predominantly from the United States of America (45%) followed by India (9%) and Germany (8%). The percentage of women first authors increased between 2018 and 2022 (P < 0.001); 9% in 2018, 9% in 2019, 17% in 2020, 16% in 2021, and 23% in 2022. A similar trend was observed for women senior authorship (P < 0.0001) (6% in 2018, 9% in 2019, 14% in 2020, 15% in 2021, and 18% in 2022) as well as for editorials with all-women authorship (P < 0.0001), increasing steadily from 9% in 2018 to 20% in 2022. CONCLUSION: Women authorship in editorials published in cardiothoracic surgery journals has steadily increased in recent years. Despite progress, women still make up less than a quarter of first and senior authors, highlighting a critical gap in gender equity in academic leadership that must be urgently addressed.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparities in authorship in European cardio-thoracic journals Open PDF 
    (Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025-06-19)
    Galeone, Antonella
    ;
    Cleuziou, Julie
    ;
    Perrone, Fabiola
    ;
    Maffei, Irene
    ;
    Fiorinelli, Giorgia
    OBJECTIVES The goal was to evaluate gender authorship in 2 cardio-thoracic surgical journals. METHODS We performed a bibliometric analysis of all articles published from 2017 to 2022 in the European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and the Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. For each article, the gender and academic rank of the first, senior and corresponding authors were verified by Internet search, email contact or use of the application Genderize.io. Articles were categorized based on topic, type and country of origin. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate gender authorship trend over time. RESULTS A total of 5243 articles were included in the analysis. Women represented 18% of first authors, 7% of senior authors and 13% of corresponding authors; no trend was seen over time. Women represented 16% of first authors and 7% of senior authors in adult cardiac surgery, 23% of first authors and 9% of senior authors in congenital cardiac surgery and 19% of first authors and 8% of senior authors in thoracic surgery. Male first authors were more frequently full professors (17% vs 5%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%), and male senior authors were more frequently full professors (48% vs 31%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%) compared to female senior authors. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of female authors is significantly lower than that of male authors in highest-impact European cardio-thoracic surgery journals, and no significant increase in female authorship has been demonstrated in recent years. Increasing awareness of gender disparities is essential to facilitate equal career opportunities and academic advancement for women in cardio-thoracic surgery.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Authorship Trends and Gender Concordance in Surgical Research
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-08)
    Smith, Brandon T.
    ;
    Villela-Castrejon, Javier
    ;
    Rodriguez, Larissa
    ;
    Kalva, Prathik
    ;
    Beal, Taylor
    INTRODUCTION: Building inclusive and diverse research teams is increasingly important in the era of team science. We explored authorship trends over the last 3 decades to assess progress in academic surgery. METHODS: Two general surgical journals (Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery and Annals of Surgery) and two nonsurgical multidisciplinary scientific journals (Nature and Science) were queried at 10-y intervals from 1991 to 2021. Data collected included total number of authors per article, instances of shared authorship, authors' gender, geographic location of the authors, and number of references per article. RESULTS: A total of 741 journal articles were examined. Over the last 3 decades, the number of women authors has nearly doubled in surgical journals and tripled in nonsurgical journals. The proportion of women authors per article, women first authors, and women senior authors all increased significantly, though women remain only 26% of all authors. Intriguingly, articles with a woman senior author had a significantly greater proportion of women coauthors than articles with a man senior author (55 ± 4% versus 12 ± 6%; P < 0.05) across all 3 decades in all journals. In 2021, only 10% of articles with a man senior author had an equal or greater proportion of women coauthors. CONCLUSIONS: Though there are now more women authors, we describe a pattern of gender concordance where women senior authors may publish with other women more than men senior authors. Our findings highlight both the progress made and potential for growth in achieving gender equity in academic surgery.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender-Related Trends in Publication Authorship: A 10-Year Analysis of a Brazilian Surgical Journal
    (2021)
    Motter, Sarah B.
    ;
    Brandão, Gabriela R.
    ;
    Iaroseski, Júlia
    ;
    Alves, Amanda V.
    ;
    Konopka, Ana Luíza K.
    There is a gender gap in the representation of women in the authorship of surgical literature worldwide. In Brazil, data on the gender distribution of the authorship of articles are scarce; and hence, there is a lack of awareness about the contemporary situation of women surgeons within the academic surgery in the country. In light of this, we conducted this study with an aim to describe and evaluate the authorship trends in a Brazilian surgical journal over a period of 10 years (2010-2019). We included 4,301 authors from 792 articles extracted from 60 editions of this journal. We analyzed the female representation as authors in general, first and last authors, and the female surgeons' representation as first and last authors for 568 original articles. We found that, in general, women represented 27.8% of all authors. Regarding original articles, women surgeons represented 8.4% and 6.1% of first and last authors, respectively. The linear regression analysis demonstrated that there was an increase over the years in women authorship. However, despite this increase over the years, a gender gap still persists in terms of women's representation as authors in the Brazilian surgical literature.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Gap in Scientific Publications on COVID-19 in Italy During the First Wave of the Pandemic: An Observational Study Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Mazzalai, Elena
    ;
    Turatto, Federica
    ;
    De Vito, Corrado
    Background: Worldwide, concerns rise on how COVID-19 pandemic impacted heavily on women, even on those belonging to the scientific community. The Italian scientific production regarding the COVID-19 throughout the first months of the health emergency could help to understand the heft of female researchers in this unique period. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the gender gap in the scientific production on COVID-19 in Italy during the first months of the pandemic. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted and, for each included study, first and last author's gender, type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation, journal's Impact Factor (IF) and specialization were extracted. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed. Results: 22.2% of the articles were signed by a woman as first author, 18.1% as last authors. Female authorship was less frequent than male authorship regardless of the type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation and field of specialization. Conclusion: This analysis reveal a low prevalence of studies with a female first or last author and suggests that the low share of female authors publishing on COVID-19 during the considered timespan is a transversal issue throughout the Italian medical field.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Does academic authorship reflect gender bias in pediatric surgery? An analysis of the Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2007–2017 Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Marrone, Alexandra F.
    ;
    Berman, Loren
    ;
    Brandt, Mary L.
    ;
    Rothstein, David H.
    Background Gender representation in academic publications has been considered a surrogate for gender equity in medicine, although this concept has not been evaluated in pediatric surgery. Methods First and last author genders for Journal of Pediatric Surgery articles from United States and/or Canadian institutions (2007, 2012, 2017) were identified. These data were compared to gender proportions for applicants to and matriculants in pediatric surgery fellowships as well as among American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) members. Results Authorship gender was identified for 632/640 primary articles (98.8%). From 2007 to 2017, the proportion of women as first authors increased from 33.0% to 53.9% (p < 0.001) and as last authors from 16.2% to 26.4% (p = 0.01). The proportion of women fellowship applicants rose from 35.9% to 57.6% (p < 0.001); among those who successfully matched the rise was nonlinear (20.5%–34.0%, p = 0.16). APSA junior and senior women membership proportions rose during the study period [from 28.1% to 43.4% (p = 0.06 for linear trend) and 17.9% to 24.4% (p = 0.005 for linear trend), respectively]. Conclusions Over the past decade, the overall proportion of women authors in a leading academic pediatric surgery journal has increased significantly, although representation among last authors remains disproportionately low. The numbers of women applicants to pediatric surgery fellowship increased but there was not a concordant rise in the number of women accepted into training positions. Type of study Bibliometric analysis. Level of evidence n/a
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women authors of surgical research Open PDF 
    (2005)
    Kurichi, Jibby E.
    ;
    Kelz, Rachel R.
    ;
    Sonnad, Seema S.
    HYPOTHESIS: The number of women authors in the surgical literature has increased during the past 20 years. DESIGN: Randomly selected issues of odd-year journals in Archives of Surgery and Annals of Surgery from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 2003, were reviewed. We determined the gender of each author and reported trends in the occurrence of women authors over time. RESULTS: The percentage of women authors has increased over time and parallels the percentage of women faculty in academic surgery positions. A much higher percentage of women authors than men authors are nonphysicians. The trend for increased authorship by women over time was significant in Archives of Surgery. CONCLUSION: Although the number of women first authors is low, their contributions to the field of surgery should be acknowledged, and efforts to provide women with the resources and opportunities to conduct research and publish their findings should be a focus for surgical departments looking to increase their research productivity.
  • Item type:Publication,
  • Item type:Publication,
    Trends in Female Authorship Over 5-Year Publication History in Neurovascular Surgery Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Jelmoni, Alice J. M.
    ;
    Mascaro, Luca
    ;
    Mariola, Carlotta
    ;
    Conde, Marian Mora
    ;
    Uralov, Daniel
    Nel 2023, la disuguaglianza di genere è ancora un problema con cui ogni neurochirurgo donna deve ancora confrontarsi. Le tendenze degli ultimi 10 anni indicano che il numero di neurochirurghi donne è in costante crescita. Tuttavia, le donne rimangono una minoranza in questo campo dove solo il 19% dei professionisti sono donne. 1 , 2 Anche se il numero delle donne in campo neurochirurgico è in costante aumento, siamo ancora lontani da una distribuzione equa. Negli Stati Uniti, le donne rappresentano solo il 6% dei neurochirurghi certificati dall’American Board of Neurological Surgery e l’8% dei neurochirurghi in formazione. Nel 2017, circa il 51% degli studenti di medicina negli Stati Uniti erano donne. 3 Alla fine del 2020, la Società Turca di Neurochirurgia ha dichiarato che il 5,5% degli specialisti in neurochirurgia registrati in Turchia sono donne. 4 Allo stesso modo, la Japan Neurological Society ha dichiarato che solo il 5,6% dei membri sono donne. 5 In Europa, secondo i dati raccolti nei primi anni 2000, la percentuale media di donne che lavorano come medici è pari al 40%, 1 , 2 ma la neurochirurgia non riflette questa tendenza. Non sono disponibili dati sull'attuale e accurata distribuzione di genere degli specializzandi e degli specialisti in neurochirurgia in ciascun paese europeo, se non da parte dei membri delle società ufficiali. 6 , 7 In Italia, sorprendentemente, il 36% dei neurochirurghi sono donne, 2 attualmente la percentuale più alta di neurochirurghi donne in Europa. È importante sottolineare che il tasso di donne residenti è del 55%, 8 anche se le società italiana ed europea nel 2022 riconoscono, rispettivamente, un tasso di iscrizione femminile del 25% e del 23%, a conferma che la percentuale di donne coinvolte in posizioni accademiche è ancora inferiore a quello degli uomini. La rappresentanza delle donne nei comitati editoriali sembra essere ancora più bassa per la chirurgia della colonna vertebrale rispetto ad altre discipline, un aspetto che dovrebbe essere migliorato anche in futuro. 9 , 10 Dai dati sopra citati emerge che, a livello globale, le posizioni di leadership e i titoli accademici sono ancora quasi esclusivamente appannaggio del genere maschile. Consentire ai neurochirurghi donne di impegnarsi nella ricerca e garantire parità di accesso rispetto ai colleghi uomini alle posizioni senior nella leadership del progetto può essere il punto di partenza per raggiungere l’uguaglianza di genere in neurochirurgia. Le autrici donne si stanno affermando sempre più nella letteratura scientifica, a conferma che esistono notevoli tentativi di espandere la componente femminile riguardo a discipline che fino a qualche anno fa erano considerate strettamente maschili. 10 Recentemente è stato dimostrato che la patologia neurochirurgica vascolare presenta il maggior contributo di autrici rispetto alle altre sottospecialità della chirurgia neurologica (neuro-oncologia, spinale, funzionale). 9 , 11 , 12 La ricerca, il finanziamento delle sovvenzioni e le posizioni accademiche dipendono dalla continua attività di pubblicazione scientifica. Aumentare il ruolo di primo piano delle donne neurochirurghi nelle pubblicazioni scientifiche potrebbe col tempo promuovere l’equità nella distribuzione delle posizioni accademiche nel mondo della neurochirurgia. 13 L'obiettivo di questa analisi bibliometrica è quello di ottenere una visione oggettiva sul coinvolgimento delle donne nella letteratura riguardante il campo neurovascolare identificando il numero di articoli in cui il primo autore è donna e di differenziare i risultati per paese e rivista e analizzare l'andamento nel corso gli anni.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Female and low- and middle-income authorship trends in high-impact ENT journals (2011-2020) Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Jashek-Ahmed, Farizeh
    ;
    Daudu, Davina
    ;
    Heer, Baveena
    ;
    Ali, Hawa
    ;
    Wiedermann, Joshua
    INTRODUCTION: Despite a recent drive to increase diversity, the global academic workforce is skewed in favor of authors from high-income countries, and women are under-represented in the published medical literature. OBJECTIVES: To explore the trends in authorship of three high-impact otolaryngology journals over a ten-year period (2011-2020). METHODS: Journals selected: JAMA Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Laryngoscope and Rhinology. Articles were reviewed from four issues per journal per year, and data was collected on: time of publication; subspeciality; number of authors; sex of first and last authors; country of practice of first author and country where each study was conducted. Trends were examined though univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: 2998 articles were included. 93.9% of first authors and 94.2% of studies were from high-income countries.Women were first authors in 31.5% (n = 912) and senior authors in 18.4% (n = 524) of articles. Female first authorship significantly increased between 2011 and 2020 however female senior authorship remained the same. There have been no significant changes in the proportion of published articles from low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) over time (p = .65). Amongst the LMIC articles, 72% came from Brazil, Turkey or China and there were no published papers from countries with a low-income economy (gross national income per capita of $1085 or less). CONCLUSIONS: Although female first authorship has increased in the last decade, there has been minimal other demographic change in authorship over this time. High-impact otolaryngology journals poorly represent academia in low-and-middle income countries. There is a need for increased advocacy promoting gender and geographical research equity in academic medicine. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.