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  • Item type:Publication,
    Trends in Women Authoring Editorials in Cardiothoracic Surgery Journals. Open PDF 
    (2026-05-01)
    Lee, Emily Hyunmin
    ;
    Gomes, Zoya
    ;
    Kim, Jinny Minji
    ;
    Liblik, Kiera
    ;
    Travis, Nicole
    INTRODUCTION: Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions and academia in cardiothoracic surgery, creating barriers to career advancement and limiting role models for trainees. While publications are used to measure success in academia, invited articles such as editorials often represent a formal recognition of expertise. The objective of this study was to identify trends in the gender of editorial authors published in cardiothoracic surgery journals. METHODS: Editorials published between 2018 and 2022 across 16 peer-reviewed cardiothoracic surgery journals were analyzed. Author gender was estimated using a validated tool (https://gender-api.com/) with additional verification using available institutional profiles. RESULTS: In total, 806 editorials were published with a total of 1,858 authors (293 women, 16%). Women authors were predominantly from the United States of America (45%) followed by India (9%) and Germany (8%). The percentage of women first authors increased between 2018 and 2022 (P < 0.001); 9% in 2018, 9% in 2019, 17% in 2020, 16% in 2021, and 23% in 2022. A similar trend was observed for women senior authorship (P < 0.0001) (6% in 2018, 9% in 2019, 14% in 2020, 15% in 2021, and 18% in 2022) as well as for editorials with all-women authorship (P < 0.0001), increasing steadily from 9% in 2018 to 20% in 2022. CONCLUSION: Women authorship in editorials published in cardiothoracic surgery journals has steadily increased in recent years. Despite progress, women still make up less than a quarter of first and senior authors, highlighting a critical gap in gender equity in academic leadership that must be urgently addressed.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Closing the gap?—Trends in women’s full professorship at the medical faculty of the University of Rostock 1563–2018 Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-04-22)
    Bindrich, Sabrina
    ;
    Wille, Nico
    BACKGROUND: This study analyses the representation of female full professors at the Medical Faculty of the University of Rostock (UMR) between 1563 and 2018 based on the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium, while also examining the career paths and personal background of the professors. METHODS: The data for this study was acquired from the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium (CPR), a biographical online lexicon, the university archive and the statistical department of the University of Rostock. Descriptive Statistics, the Mann–Whitney-U-Test and the Kruskal–Wallis-Test for independent samples followed by pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction were used to analyse differences between subgroups like epochs and male or female professors. RESULTS: The dataset includes 295 professors, 279 (94.57%) listed as male and 16 (5.42%) as female. There were no female full professors until 1964. While women are overrepresented in the lower ranks of academia, they remain underrepresented in the highest ranks: In 2018, 63.16% of students, 59.69% of the faculty’s graduates, 59.50% of newly graduated doctors and 33.33% of habilitations were women, while only 10.94% of professors at the UMR were female. In comparison, in 2018 female professors accounted for 23.69% of all professors in medicine in Germany. The first initiative for the promotion of women at the UMR mentioned in the archive files dates to 1962. The stomatological clinic was the first to create personalized development plans for women in academia and in total there were more female professors in orthodontics than male ones. Over the course of the study period, the proportion of female professors at the medical faculty increased noticeably, which is also reflected in a significant difference in appointment years between male and female professors (p < 0.001). In 1985, 9.76% of professors were women, while 55.90% of students were female. By 2024, these figures had risen to 18.31% of professors and 69.38% of students, respectively. CONCLUSION: Though significant progress has been made, further systematic changes are needed to achieve gender equity at the UMR. To make this possible, consequent initiatives by leaders, sufficient resources and continuous re-evaluation are needed.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Breaking the glass door in academia? Looking at the role of scientific fields and contextual factors in moderating the gender gap in recruitment: evidence from Italy Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-15)
    Gaiaschi, Camilla
    Women's presence in academia has sharply increased in recent years, but gender inequalities in career progression persist. Italy makes no exception to this trend as different studies on the promotion gap to associate and to full professors have suggested. However, no measure of the adjusted gender differential in the previous steps of the career, that is in the transition from the post-doc to the assistant professor position, has been provided so far. This paper aims to fulfill this gap by means of an original, longitudinal, and multi-source dataset on the Italian academic population which has allowed to measure the female disadvantage in recruitment by controlling for a large set of confounding characteristics including individual productivity and, most especially, contextual factors, which have been under-explored so far. Results suggest that women face a small adjusted penalty, of around 3-4%, in academic recruitment. However, when disentangling the analyses by scientific field, strong differences emerge, with the gap reaching a maximum of - 10% in physics while being non-significant in many SSH. Within the STEMM, the life sciences, driven by medicine and biology, appear more gender unequal than many hard sciences. Moreover, a growing number of female full professors in the sub-field and working in a department with good financial resources represent two factors that have a moderate role in reducing the gap. All in all, this work sheds light on the importance of organizational and institutional factors in explaining the gender gap thus calling for structural interventions to make universities more inclusive towards women.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Understanding the significant underrepresentation of women in radiology Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-03)
    Peraka, Veena
    ;
    Raj, Karuna
    ;
    Champine, Julie
    ;
    Ozcan, Bersu
    ;
    Dogan, Basak
    The aim of this systematic review is to highlight the reasons for a significant underrepresentation of women in radiology. We systematically examined the gender disparity within radiology across career stages, including medical school, residency training, and faculty positions. A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted to identify the determinants influencing female medical students' and physicians' pursuit of radiology. Despite women making up approximately half of medical school graduates, their representation in radiology remains disproportionately low. Contributing factors include a scarcity of female mentors and insufficient exposure to radiology during medical training, leading to persistent misconceptions about the specialty. Additionally, female radiology faculty members encounter challenges, including gender bias and difficulty advancing in leadership positions, which contribute to professional dissatisfaction. Strategies like the formation of Women in Radiology groups and institutional initiatives have been established to increase mentorship for female trainees and progression of faculty in their careers. The underrepresentation of women is a concern that warrants attention due to the unique collaborative and empathetic dimensions that women contribute to patient care and education. Throughout their careers, women encounter numerous obstacles that affect their exposure to, involvement in, and satisfaction with the field. Addressing these barriers is crucial for enhancing the presence and influence of women in radiology.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Declining female representation with advancing academic rank in veterinary institutions from non-Western countries Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
    Norton, Ursula
    ;
    Dunlop, Rebecca
    ;
    Allavena, Rachel
    ;
    Talloni, María José Navarrete
    ;
    Palmieri, Chiara
    Gender equity in academic veterinary science remains underexplored outside of Western countries. This study aimed to evaluate gender representation across academic ranks within veterinary institutions in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East and North Africa. Data on academic staff were collected from 96 veterinary schools across 39 countries between September 2023 and April 2024. Gender was inferred through institutional websites, online academic platforms, and machine-learning tools, and academic ranks were standardised into four categories: Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor. Generalised linear models were used to assess the relationship between gender and academic rank in each region. Across all regions, male academics were more represented at higher academic ranks. Female representation declined significantly with increasing rank in all regions (p < 0.0001). The percentage of female academics ranged widely, from 7 % (Nepal) to 68 % (Myanmar and Peru). Asia had the lowest overall female representation (29 %), followed by the Middle East (40 %), Latin America (43 %), and Sub-Saharan Africa (44 %). The decline in female representation across ranks was steepest in Asia and the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa exhibited a slower decline and was the only region where female representation increased at the Professor level compared to Associate Professor. Despite regional variation, veterinary academia in non-Western countries remains male-dominated, particularly at senior levels. However, the observed patterns in Africa and Latin America may reflect emerging progress in gender equity. Addressing structural and cultural barriers to academic advancement is essential to support the career progression of women in veterinary science globally.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Variations and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Finalist Undergraduate Students at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda Open PDF 
    (F1000 Research Ltd, 2025-11-13)
    Rukundo, Aloysius
    ;
    Tumwebembire, Naster
    ;
    Aryatwijuka, Wilbroad
    ;
    Tugiramasiko, Miriam
    ;
    Twinamasiko, Specioza
    <ns3:p>Background Recently, the dynamics of gender and entrepreneurship have received more attention; however, the subtleties of how gender affects entrepreneurial intentions remain a challenge, despite empowerment through skills and formal training. This study seeks to establish gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions in educational settings as well as the broader context of gender equity in achieving financial independence among finalist undergraduate students. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of gender-related factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students. Methodology This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study. The study site was the town campus of Mbarara University of Science and Technology. The study population consisted of finalist businesses and students. The data were managed and analyzed using STATA version 17. T-tests of independent samples and means were used for data analysis. Results Of the 404 respondents, the majority were males (56.2%). Entrepreneurial Intentions were higher among females with a history of business ownership (M = 22.7, SD = 5.1) than among those without a history of business ownership (M = 19.5, SD = 6.9), at t = 2.25, p &lt;0.05. Further, entrepreneurial intentions were lower among male students whose male caretakers or parents had business as an occupation (M = 19.5, SD = 6.9) than their counterparts whose male parents were not in business (M = 21.5, SD = 5.6) at t = 2.31, p &lt;0.05. No other gender differences were found across other socio-demographic variables (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion Entrepreneurial Intentions differed among females with a history of business ownership. We argue that the complex interplay of gender demographic gaps in shaping undergraduate students’ entrepreneurial aspirations cannot be significantly improved based on family background without conclusive equal opportunity training approaches. Designing a hands-on and role-modeling entrepreneurship curriculum can shape gender-mainstream intentions.</ns3:p>
  • Item type:Publication,
    The Status of Women in Academic Medicine, and Particularly in Neurosurgery, in a Developing Country, Türkiye Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
    Aslan, Ayfer
    ;
    Bulduk, Erkut B.
    OBJECTIVE: Women have always faced inequality in academic medical careers in Türkiye as well as the rest of the world. However, to date, no definitive data has been published regarding the representation rate of women in academic medicine in Türkiye. The aim of this study is to reveal the status of women in faculty and leadership positions in academic medicine in Türkiye. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted through websites of the Council of Higher Education (YOK) in Türkiye and medical faculties accredited by YOK as of October 2025. RESULTS: There were 132 medical schools in Türkiye. Women constituted 41% of all faculty members, 37% of professors, 42% of associate professors, 44% of assistant professors, 57% of lecturers, and 50% of residents in medical faculties in Türkiye. Among leadership positions, there were 26 (21%) women deans, and 98 (46%) women vice deans. Women comprised 35% of the faculty administrative committees and 35% of faculty boards. 25% of chairpersons of medical sciences divisions, and 35% of department heads were women. Regarding women in Neurosurgery, only 6% (n=25) of faculty and 5% (n=5) of department heads in neurosurgery were women. Among neurosurgery faculty, women comprised only 2% (n=3) of full professors, 6% (n=5) of associate professors, 9% (n=14) of assistant professors, and 27% (n=3) of lecturers. There were 45 (28%) female residents in neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Gender equity has not yet been achieved in academic medicine in Türkiye. More effective policies promoting gender equality should be implemented by the authorities.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparities in authorship in European cardio-thoracic journals Open PDF 
    (Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025-06-19)
    Galeone, Antonella
    ;
    Cleuziou, Julie
    ;
    Perrone, Fabiola
    ;
    Maffei, Irene
    ;
    Fiorinelli, Giorgia
    OBJECTIVES The goal was to evaluate gender authorship in 2 cardio-thoracic surgical journals. METHODS We performed a bibliometric analysis of all articles published from 2017 to 2022 in the European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and the Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. For each article, the gender and academic rank of the first, senior and corresponding authors were verified by Internet search, email contact or use of the application Genderize.io. Articles were categorized based on topic, type and country of origin. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate gender authorship trend over time. RESULTS A total of 5243 articles were included in the analysis. Women represented 18% of first authors, 7% of senior authors and 13% of corresponding authors; no trend was seen over time. Women represented 16% of first authors and 7% of senior authors in adult cardiac surgery, 23% of first authors and 9% of senior authors in congenital cardiac surgery and 19% of first authors and 8% of senior authors in thoracic surgery. Male first authors were more frequently full professors (17% vs 5%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%), and male senior authors were more frequently full professors (48% vs 31%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%) compared to female senior authors. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of female authors is significantly lower than that of male authors in highest-impact European cardio-thoracic surgery journals, and no significant increase in female authorship has been demonstrated in recent years. Increasing awareness of gender disparities is essential to facilitate equal career opportunities and academic advancement for women in cardio-thoracic surgery.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Who is publishing journal articles during graduate school? Racial and gender inequalities in biological sciences over time. Open PDF 
    (American Psychological Association (APA), 2022-02)
    Roksa, Josipa
    ;
    Wang, Yapeng
    ;
    Feldon, David
    ;
    Ericson, Matthew
    Despite increased enrolment of women and students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in doctoral programs, notable inequalities in academic careers persist. We investigate one potential source of these inequalities: publication rates during graduate school. Results, based on a sample of doctoral students in biological sciences across 53 institutions, indicate that both white women and students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (African American and Latinx) have lower publication rates than white men. Notably, these gaps grow over time and are not explained by background factors, socialization experiences, or family obligations. The same patterns persist for first-authored publications for African American and Latinx students, but not white women, suggesting potentially differential mechanisms of exclusion. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2021 National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparities among speakers at major spine conferences Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-10)
    Lee, Yunsoo
    ;
    Issa, Tariq Z.
    ;
    Lambrechts, Mark J.
    ;
    Carey, Preston
    ;
    Becsey, Alexander
    PURPOSE: To examine 10-year trends in gender representation in speaking roles at major spine conferences. BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Medical conferences play an important role in career opportunities. There is little analysis on gender representation of major spine conferences despite several studies demonstrating gender disparities within spine surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. SAMPLE: A total of 20,181 abstract speakers across 10 years of academic conferences for 6 spine societies. OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent of female abstract presenters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collated the annual meeting programs of six major spine conferences (North American Spine Society (NASS), Scoliosis Research Society (SRS), International Meeting on Advanced Spine Techniques (IMAST), Global Spine Congress (GSC), American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) Spine Summit, and the Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS)) dating from 2013 to 2022. Departmental websites, society webpages, or personal social media were identified for images or the use of gendered pronouns in order to determine speaker gender for each speaker type. All categorical variables were compared using Pearson chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Women constituted 1,816 (9.0%) of all 20,181 identified conference speakers. Female representation was highest at NASS (N=680, 12.2%) but lowest at CSRS (6.6%) and GSC (7.1%). Spine Summit (7.4%), IMAST (9.92%), and GSC (9.87%) demonstrated the largest annual percent increases in female representation. Institutions in Middle East and Africa (1.4%), and Central and South America (1.8%) supported the lowest percent of female speakers. Women were significantly less likely to be speakers or moderators/course faculty than to be podium abstract presenters (p<.001). The percent of women as invited speakers (10.4% vs 5.5%, p=.001) and moderators (11.4% vs 3.7%, p<.001) increased significantly over the study period, with annual increases of 8.8% and 20.8%, respectively, from 2013 to 2022 (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: While academic spine societies have made significant progress in promoting gender representation, especially among invited speakers and session moderators, women continue to be underrepresented compared to the percent of women in orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery