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  • Item type:Publication,
    Changes in Gender Representation in Academic Grand Rounds Speakers During the COVID-19 Pandemic Open PDF 
    (SAGE Publications, 2025-03-27)
    Dereje, Abigail
    ;
    Ghebre, Rahel
    ;
    Sultan, Shanaz
    ;
    Langworthy, Ben
    ;
    Rheault, Michelle N.
    Introduction: Women are historically underrepresented as grand rounds speakers in US medical schools regardless of department. We hypothesized that the representation of women as grand rounds speakers would increase after the widespread adoption of virtual grand rounds during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We reviewed publicly available or individually provided grand round speaker lists for 2019, 2021, and 2022 from representative medical departments, surgical departments, and basic science departments of our local institution and the top 10 academic medical schools based on their national ranking according to the 2022 Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research Rankings of NIH Funding. Speaker gender was determined based on name and publicly available biographies. Results: In total, we identified 1995 speaking engagements from 10 institutions. All but six talks delivered post-COVID-19 pandemic were in hybrid or virtual-only format compared to exclusively in-person sessions pre-COVID-19 pandemic. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, women accounted for 37.3% of invited speakers compared to 45.5% post-COVID. This increase in the representation of women as grand rounds speakers was consistent across all academic ranks and most departments. Conclusions: We propose that departments, particularly those with fewer women at baseline, should continue to offer at least some virtual grand rounds opportunities throughout the year with a goal of increasing the diversity of speakers and improving the access of their faculty to women speakers.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women faculty members’ challenges when pursuing leadership positions in academic dentistry: A survey Open PDF 
    (Wiley, 2024-12-16)
    Cain, Lisa D.
    ;
    Andrews, Elizabeth
    ;
    Joy‐Thomas, Anita
    ;
    Mathu‐Muju, Kavita R.
    ;
    ElHachem, Lea
    Purpose/objectives This study addresses persistent gender disparities in leadership roles in academic dentistry. The objectives were to identify the challenges and barriers to leadership that women face in general and during the COVID‐19 pandemic, as well as to describe resources they need to reach their leadership potential. Methods The American Dental Education Association Section on Women in Leadership (WIL), gathered survey data concerning leadership challenges and faculty development needs. The survey targeted 300 WIL members in leadership roles or aspiring to leadership roles. It was conducted from January to March 2021 and 128 participants responded (response rate: 42.7%). The data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results The most frequent reported leadership barriers indicated by the survey respondents were lack of mentoring, limited leadership training, lack of sponsorship from administration, family obligations and limited job opportunities. The participants stated that the COVID‐19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, affecting collaborations, increasing stress, and impacting scholarly productivity. The survey responses showed how external factors can challenge faculty productivity. Respondents identified mentoring, increased leadership opportunity awareness, and leadership development seminars as factors most helpful for their professional development. Conclusions This study identified women faculty members’ perceptions of why disparities persist in gender equity in leadership in dental education. It suggests developing gender specific leadership strategies and resources. Addressing barriers requires concerted efforts at the institutional, national, and global levels. This is vital for achieving gender parity in leadership roles in dental education settings.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Meeting the challenge of gender inequality through gender transformative research: lessons from research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America Open PDF 
    (Routledge, 2023)
    Njuki, J.
    ;
    Melesse, M.
    ;
    Sinha, C.
    ;
    Seward, R.
    ;
    Renaud, M.
    While the global development agenda has prioritized gender equality, many challenges remain, and the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated inequalities. Gender transformative approaches to social change have the potential to address the underlying causes of inequality. This paper draws insights from studies funded by Canada's International Development Research Centre to understand how integrating gender transformative approaches to research can support social change. The findings suggest that gender transformative research is most successful in supporting change when it analyzes and addresses the multiple causes of inequality, takes an intersectional and structural approach, embeds the research in local contexts, and engages power holders and perpetrators of inequality. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Unequal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientists Open PDF 
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2020)
    Myers, Kyle R.
    ;
    Tham, Wei Yang
    ;
    Yin, Yian
    ;
    Cohodes, Nina
    ;
    Thursby, Jerry G.
    COVID-19 has not affected all scientists equally. A survey of principal investigators indicates that female scientists, those in the ‘bench sciences’ and, especially, scientists with young children experienced a substantial decline in time devoted to research. This could have important short- and longer-term effects on their careers, which institution leaders and funders need to address carefully.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparity in the authorship of biomedical research publications during the COVID-19 pandemic: Retrospective observational study Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Muric, G.
    ;
    Lerman, K.
    ;
    Ferrara, E.
    Background: Gender imbalances in academia have been evident historically and persist today. For the past 60 years, we have witnessed the increase of participation of women in biomedical disciplines, showing that the gender gap is shrinking. However, preliminary evidence suggests that women, including female researchers, are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of unequal distribution of childcare, elderly care, and other kinds of domestic and emotional labor. Sudden lockdowns and abrupt shifts in daily routines have had disproportionate consequences on their productivity, which is reflected by a sudden drop in research output in biomedical research, consequently affecting the number of female authors of scientific publications. Objective: The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionate adverse effect on the productivity of female researchers in the biomedical field in terms of authorship of scientific publications. Methods: This is a retrospective observational bibliometric study. We investigated the proportion of male and female researchers who published scientific papers during the COVID-19 pandemic, using bibliometric data from biomedical preprint servers and selected Springer-Nature journals. We used the ordinary least squares regression model to estimate the expected proportions over time by correcting for temporal trends. We also used a set of statistical methods, such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and regression discontinuity design, to test the validity of the results. Results: A total of 78,950 papers from the bioRxiv and medRxiv repositories and from 62 selected Springer-Nature journals by 346,354 unique authors were analyzed. The acquired data set consisted of papers that were published between January 1, 2019, and August 2, 2020. The proportion of female first authors publishing in the biomedical field during the pandemic dropped by 9.1%, on average, across disciplines (expected arithmetic mean yest=0.39; observed arithmetic mean y=0.35; standard error of the estimate, Sest=0.007; standard error of the observation, σx=0.004). The impact was particularly pronounced for papers related to COVID-19 research, where the proportion of female scientists in the first author position dropped by 28% (yest=0.39; y=0.28; Sest=0.007; σx=0.007). When looking at the last authors, the proportion of women dropped by 7.9%, on average (yest=0.25; y=0.23; Sest=0.005; σx=0.003), while the proportion of women writing about COVID-19 as the last author decreased by 18.8% (yest=0.25; y=0.21; Sest=0.005; σx=0.007). Further, by geocoding authors' affiliations, we showed that the gender disparities became even more apparent when disaggregated by country, up to 35% in some cases. Conclusions: Our findings document a decrease in the number of publications by female authors in the biomedical field during the global pandemic. This effect was particularly pronounced for papers related to COVID-19, indicating that women are producing fewer publications related to COVID-19 research. This sudden increase in the gender gap was persistent across the 10 countries with the highest number of researchers. These results should be used to inform the scientific community of this worrying trend in COVID-19 research and the disproportionate effect that the pandemic has had on female academics. © 2021 Journal of Medical Internet Research. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparity between authors in leading medical journals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional review Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Misra, Vaidehi
    ;
    Safi, Frozan
    ;
    Brewerton, Kathryn A.
    ;
    Wu, Wei
    ;
    Mason, Robin
    OBJECTIVES: Evaluate gender differences in authorship of COVID-19 articles in high-impact medical journals compared with other topics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional review. DATA SOURCES: Medline database. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Articles published from 1 January to 31 December 2020 in the seven leading general medical journals by impact factor. Article types included primary research, reviews, editorials and commentaries. DATA EXTRACTION: Key data elements were whether the study topic was related to COVID-19 and names of the principal and the senior authors. A hierarchical approach was used to determine the likely gender of authors. Logistic regression assessed the association of study characteristics, including COVID-19 status, with authors' likely gender; this was quantified using adjusted ORs (aORs). RESULTS: We included 2252 articles, of which 748 (33.2%) were COVID-19-related and 1504 (66.8%) covered other topics. A likely gender was determined for 2138 (94.9%) principal authors and 1890 (83.9%) senior authors. Men were significantly more likely to be both principal (1364 men; 63.8%) and senior (1332 men; 70.5%) authors. COVID-19-related articles were not associated with the odds of men being principal (aOR 0.99; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.21; p=0.89) or senior authors (aOR 0.96; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.19; p=0.71) relative to other topics. Articles with men as senior authors were more likely to have men as principal authors (aOR 1.49; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.83; p<0.001). Men were more likely to author articles reporting original research and those with corresponding authors based outside the USA and Europe. CONCLUSIONS: Women were substantially under-represented as authors among articles in leading medical journals; this was not significantly different for COVID-19-related articles. Study limitations include potential for misclassification bias due to the name-based analysis. Results suggest that barriers to women's authorship in high-impact journals during COVID-19 are not significantly larger than barriers that preceded the pandemic and that are likely to continue beyond it. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020186702.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Gap in Scientific Publications on COVID-19 in Italy During the First Wave of the Pandemic: An Observational Study Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Mazzalai, Elena
    ;
    Turatto, Federica
    ;
    De Vito, Corrado
    Background: Worldwide, concerns rise on how COVID-19 pandemic impacted heavily on women, even on those belonging to the scientific community. The Italian scientific production regarding the COVID-19 throughout the first months of the health emergency could help to understand the heft of female researchers in this unique period. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the gender gap in the scientific production on COVID-19 in Italy during the first months of the pandemic. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted and, for each included study, first and last author's gender, type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation, journal's Impact Factor (IF) and specialization were extracted. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed. Results: 22.2% of the articles were signed by a woman as first author, 18.1% as last authors. Female authorship was less frequent than male authorship regardless of the type of study, number of co-authors, type of affiliation and field of specialization. Conclusion: This analysis reveal a low prevalence of studies with a female first or last author and suggests that the low share of female authors publishing on COVID-19 during the considered timespan is a transversal issue throughout the Italian medical field.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Toward Gender Equity in Academic Promotions Open PDF 
    (American Medical Association, 2021)
    Marcotte, Leah M
    ;
    Arora, Vineet M
    ;
    Ganguli, Ishani
    Promotion in academicmedicinedrives career opportunities, including leadership roles and salary increases. Yet women physicians face slower promotional timelines and are less likely to reach associate or full professorship compared with their male counterparts, a gap that has not meaningfully changed in more than 3 decades. 1In 2019, only 26% of full professors and 39% of associate professors in US medical schools were women despite representing 48% of assistant professors and 43% of all full-time US medical school faculty. 2 These disparities are even worse for women in underrepresentedminority groups. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a worrisome backslide.3 In leaving unrealized the full potential of female faculty, these disparities are detrimental to medicine as a whole. The promotion gapmaybepartiallyexplainedbyoutdated promotion processes that were developed when the physician workforce was largely male but now serve to disadvantage women throughout their academic careers. Too often we put the onus on women to change their behavior, but closing this gap will require institutions to make promotion systems and policies more equitable. In this Viewpoint, we unpack structural barriers to promotion, specifically for female junior faculty going from assistant to associate professor. We consider how institutionscan rethinkpromotionand reverseharms that were precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic to promote gender equity leading up to promotion and at the time of promotion.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Amplifying the gender gap in academia: “Caregiving” at work during the pandemic Open PDF 
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023)
    Manchester, C.F.
    ;
    Leroy, S.
    ;
    Dahm, P.C.
    ;
    Glomb, T.M.
    We examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on faculty using survey data. First, we uncover heterogeneity in the immediate effects on research productivity and burnout. Three groups emerged (Career Accelerated, Career Insulated, and Career Headwinds) with female faculty disproportionately represented in Career Headwinds, experiencing both high burnout and declines in research productivity. Second, we examine how greater caregiving demands at home and at work—in the form of institutional service—contribute to gender differences. We find female faculty reported greater increases in service demands, and these exerted greater drag on their careers through a larger crowd out of research time. © 2022 Regents of the University of California (RUC).
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender imbalance in gynecologic oncology authorship and impact of COVID-19 pandemic Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Mah, S.J.
    ;
    Makkar, M.
    ;
    Huang, K.
    ;
    Anpalagan, T.
    ;
    Reade, C.J.
    Objective Despite increased participation of women in academic medicine in recent decades, gender disparities persist. The gender gap in authorship and editorial boards in gynecologic oncology, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, have not been recently evaluated. We examined gender representation and the impact of COVID-19 on authorship and editorial boards of two major peer-reviewed gynecologic oncology journals. Methods We conducted a bibliometric analysis of original articles published in Gynecologic Oncology and the International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, comparing the most contemporary 5-year period (2016-2020) to single years in the two prior decades (1996, 2006). To assess the early impact of COVID-19, we compared publications from May 2020-April 2021 to 2019. Editorial boards were analyzed for gender composition. First names, pronouns, and institutional photographs were used to determine gender. Results There were 3022 original articles published between 2016 and 2020, 763 in 2006, and 203 in 1996. Gender was identified for 91.3% of first authors (3641 articles) and 95.6% of senior authors (3813 articles). Men comprised the majority of the editorial boards in 2021 at 57% and 61% for Gynecologic Oncology and the International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, respectively. Men were overrepresented as senior authors across all study periods: 93% in 1996, 77% in 2006, and 58% in 2016-2020. Over time, representation of women as first and senior authors increased (7% in 1996, 42% in 2016-2020, p<0.00001). There was no immediate impact of the early pandemic on gender distribution of authorship. Conclusions Despite greater representation of women over time as authors in gynecologic oncology journals, there remains gender disparity in senior authorship and editorial board representation. This presents an opportunity for the academic publishing community to advocate for deliberate strategies to achieve gender parity. Although no impact of the early COVID-19 pandemic was found, this requires ongoing surveillance. ©