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  • Item type:Publication,
    Women in Surgery Open PDF 
    (American Medical Association (AMA), 2006-04-01)
    Gargiulo, Debra A.
    HYPOTHESIS: Women are deterred from a surgical career owing to a lack of role models rather than lifestyle considerations. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Surgery and obstetrics/gynecology attending physicians, residents, and medical students. INTERVENTION: Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Potential deterrents to a surgical career. RESULTS: Men and women had a similar interest in a surgical career before their surgical rotation (64% vs 53%, P = .68). A similar percentage developed a mentor (40.0% vs 45.9%, P = .40). Women were far more likely to perceive sex discrimination (46.7% vs 20.4%, P = .002), most often from male attending physicians (33.3%) or residents (31.1%). Women were less likely to be deterred by diminishing rewards (4.4% vs 21.6%, P = .003) or workload considerations (28.9% vs 49.0%, P = .02). They were also less likely to cite family concerns as a deterrent (47.8% vs 66.7%, P = .02) and equally likely to be deterred by lifestyle during residency (83.3% vs 76.5%, P = .22). However, women were more likely to be deterred by perceptions of the "surgical personality" (40.0% vs 21.6%, P = .03) and the perception of surgery as an "old boys' club" (22.2% vs 3.9%, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Men and women are very similar in what they consider important in deciding on a surgical career. Women are not more likely to be deterred by lifestyle, workload issues, or lack of role models. However, the perceived surgical personality and surgical culture is a sex-specific deterrence to a career in surgery for women.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions: Data from Berkeley Open PDF 
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1975-02-07)
    Bickel, P. J.
    ;
    Hammel, E. A.
    ;
    O'Connell, J. W.
    Examination of aggregate data on graduate admissions to the University of California, Berkeley, for fall 1973 shows a clear but misleading pattern of bias against female applicants. Examination of the disaggregated data reveals few decision-making units that show statistically significant departures from expected frequencies of female admissions, and about as many units appear to favor women as to favor men. If the data are properly pooled, taking into account the autonomy of departmental decision making, thus correcting for the tendency of women to apply to graduate departments that are more difficult for applicants of either sex to enter, there is a small but statistically significant bias in favor of women. The graduate departments that are easier to enter tend to be those that require more mathematics in the undergraduate preparatory curriculum. The bias in the aggregated data stems not from any pattern of discrimination on the part of admissions committees, which seem quite fair on the whole, but apparently from prior screening at earlier levels of the educational system. Women are shunted by their socialization and education toward fields of graduate study that are generally more crowded, less productive of completed degrees, and less well funded, and that frequently offer poorer professional employment prospects.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The scholarly impact of articles published by men and women in psychology journals Open PDF 
    (1990)
    Over, R.
    In considering whether men and women produce research of equal quality, it needs to be asked not whether similar numbers of important contributions come from men and women (since numerically there have been more men than women among researchers), but whether the proportion of women active in research who make important contributions is the same as the proportion of men active in research who make important contributions. A search of entries in the 1985 edition of Social Sciences Citation Index located 564 articles from psychology journals which had attracted 15 or more citations. The sex ratio among senior authors of these high-impact articles was compared with the sex-ratio among senior authors of low-impact articles published in the same journals. The majority of high-impact articles had been published by men, but so had most low-impact articles. When allowance was made for the different numerical representation of the two sexes among authors, there was no evidence that men and women differ in terms of the impact of articles they publish. The results are discussed in the context of methodological issues in evaluation of sex differences in scientific performance, as well as with reference to the limited recognition that women so far have gained for research achievement in psychology. © 1990 Akadémiai Kiadó.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The scholarly transition of female academics at the University of Granada (1975-1990) Open PDF 
    (2005)
    Muñoz-Muñoz, A.M.
    An attempt is made to shed light on part of Granada University's female academics' past in what was a critical period in Spain's history (1975-1982), referring of course to the political transition from dictatorship to democracy. The period studied is 1975-1990, in which an analysis is made of a section of the teaching staff, using part of the female staff as the sample due to their being the most socially affected during this period. Firstly, a study is carried out on the teaching staff, both male and female, to verify the staff situation at the university using the gender indicator. Secondly, the female teachers' scholarly output is studied; due to the fact that areas of study are very varied, it has been considered appropriate to apply the study to monographs, scholarly publications articles and doctoral theses. Moreover, because the study intends to be as exhaustive as possible, various databases and catalogues have been consulted which collect the documental typology to be used in the analysis. Copyright © 2005 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Scientific output by gender in Spain (Web of Science, 2004)
    (2007)
    Moya-Anegón, F.
    ;
    Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Z.
    ;
    Vargas-Quesada, B.
    ;
    Corera-Álvarez, E.
    ;
    Muñoz-Molina, A.
    The objective of this study was to obtain bibliometric indicators by gender applied exclusively to scientific publications registered in the Thompson Scientific databases. Aspects related with the volume of production, visibility, patterns of collaboration and networks of coauthorship will be analyzed below. The data are presented broken down by scientific field.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Glass Ceiling or Iron Cage: Women in UK Academia Open PDF 
    (1994)
    Morley, L.
    This paper reviews some of the literature on women's position in the academic workforce in the UK, and considers an informal study conducted by the author of 12 women academics. A central consideration is the relationship between women's quantitative under‐representation in the academy and women academics' self‐concept and consciousness of their own abilities. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender differences in patenting activity: An examination of the US biotechnology industry Open PDF 
    (2009)
    McMillan, G.S.
    The gender gap in science and technology has received considerable attention by both researchers and policy makers. In an effort to better understand the quantity, quality, and underlying characteristics of female research efforts, I integrate three existing databases to uncover how female patenting activities differ from men's in the US biotechnology industry. Data on how much science the patents build upon, the author institutions of that science, and who funded the papers in which the science appears are all examined. In addition, using the NBER Patent Citation Data Files, I propose a possible gender-based life cycle model for patenting activity. The policy implications of my findings are also discussed. © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Doctorates Granted to Women and Minority Group Members Open PDF 
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1975)
    McCarthy, Joseph L.
    ;
    Wolfle, Dael
    The AAU universities, a prime recruiting ground for new faculty members in selective colleges and research-oriented universities, are significantly increasing the number of doctorates awarded to women and minority members and are decreasing the numbers awarded to majority males. Between 1969-72 and 1972-75, doctorates awarded by AAU universities to majority men declined by 9 percent; to majority women increased by 34 percent; to minority men increased by 61 percent; and to minority women increased by 133 percent. The field distribution is very uneven. In some fields women with doctorates are fairly numerous, but most of these fields are ones in which women have for long constituted a significant portion of the total. In other fields, notably engineering and some of the physical sciences, it is still difficult to find women with doctorates from the universities in which large numbers of new faculty members receive their graduate education. Increasing numbers of minority students are earning doctorates in some fields, but in many fields the number is still very low. The several minority groups show quite different patterns of distribution among fields of specialization. The two smaller groups—American Indian and Spanish-origin—are most like the white majority in distribution by fields. Black doctorates are concentrated in education, with relatively few in the sciences. Students of Asian ancestry are heavily concentrated in engineering and the natural sciences.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The effect of gender on research staff success in life sciences in the Spanish National Research Council Open PDF 
    (2008)
    Mauleón, E.
    ;
    Bordons, M.
    ;
    Oppenheim, C.
    Inter-gender differences in research performance of Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) scientists in the area of biology and biomedicine are analysed by means of bibliometric indicators (SCI, 1996-2000). Productivity of both men and women increases with scientific category, and inter-gender differences are not found within each category. Women with intermediate levels of seniority (11-20 and 21-30 years of working life) show lower productivity than their male counterparts, a factor which might contribute to explaining the slower promotion observed for female scientists. However, women who entered CSIC in the last 10 years overtake men in productivity, so a more balanced distribution of women by scientific ranks would be expected in the future. The need to improve the normalisation of author names in publications and bibliographic databases and even to develop a 'digital author identifier' to make these studies easier is pointed out. © Beech Tree Publishing 2008.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women involvement in editorial boards of mathematics journals
    (2007)
    Mauleón, E.
    ;
    Bordons, M.
    Members of editorial boards of journals play an essential role in science, since they contribute to guarantee the quality and relevance of publications. This study analyses whether women are well represented in editorial boards as a sign of her participation in responsibility positions in science. Women's representation on the editorial board of eight international high quality mathematics journals is studied and compared to women's presence as authors of papers in the same journals. On average only 4% of the members of the editorial boards analysed were women, while 10% of the authors with publications were female scientists. Inter-gender differences in impact of publications were not found, but less collaboration was observed in female publications. This study shows that women are under-represented as authors in Mathematics journals but her presence is even lower in leadership positions such as members of journal editorial boards.