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  • Item type:Publication,
    Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions: Data from Berkeley Open PDF 
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1975-02-07)
    Bickel, P. J.
    ;
    Hammel, E. A.
    ;
    O'Connell, J. W.
    Examination of aggregate data on graduate admissions to the University of California, Berkeley, for fall 1973 shows a clear but misleading pattern of bias against female applicants. Examination of the disaggregated data reveals few decision-making units that show statistically significant departures from expected frequencies of female admissions, and about as many units appear to favor women as to favor men. If the data are properly pooled, taking into account the autonomy of departmental decision making, thus correcting for the tendency of women to apply to graduate departments that are more difficult for applicants of either sex to enter, there is a small but statistically significant bias in favor of women. The graduate departments that are easier to enter tend to be those that require more mathematics in the undergraduate preparatory curriculum. The bias in the aggregated data stems not from any pattern of discrimination on the part of admissions committees, which seem quite fair on the whole, but apparently from prior screening at earlier levels of the educational system. Women are shunted by their socialization and education toward fields of graduate study that are generally more crowded, less productive of completed degrees, and less well funded, and that frequently offer poorer professional employment prospects.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The scholarly impact of articles published by men and women in psychology journals Open PDF 
    (1990)
    Over, R.
    In considering whether men and women produce research of equal quality, it needs to be asked not whether similar numbers of important contributions come from men and women (since numerically there have been more men than women among researchers), but whether the proportion of women active in research who make important contributions is the same as the proportion of men active in research who make important contributions. A search of entries in the 1985 edition of Social Sciences Citation Index located 564 articles from psychology journals which had attracted 15 or more citations. The sex ratio among senior authors of these high-impact articles was compared with the sex-ratio among senior authors of low-impact articles published in the same journals. The majority of high-impact articles had been published by men, but so had most low-impact articles. When allowance was made for the different numerical representation of the two sexes among authors, there was no evidence that men and women differ in terms of the impact of articles they publish. The results are discussed in the context of methodological issues in evaluation of sex differences in scientific performance, as well as with reference to the limited recognition that women so far have gained for research achievement in psychology. © 1990 Akadémiai Kiadó.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Glass Ceiling or Iron Cage: Women in UK Academia Open PDF 
    (1994)
    Morley, L.
    This paper reviews some of the literature on women's position in the academic workforce in the UK, and considers an informal study conducted by the author of 12 women academics. A central consideration is the relationship between women's quantitative under‐representation in the academy and women academics' self‐concept and consciousness of their own abilities. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
  • Item type:Publication,
    Doctorates Granted to Women and Minority Group Members Open PDF 
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1975)
    McCarthy, Joseph L.
    ;
    Wolfle, Dael
    The AAU universities, a prime recruiting ground for new faculty members in selective colleges and research-oriented universities, are significantly increasing the number of doctorates awarded to women and minority members and are decreasing the numbers awarded to majority males. Between 1969-72 and 1972-75, doctorates awarded by AAU universities to majority men declined by 9 percent; to majority women increased by 34 percent; to minority men increased by 61 percent; and to minority women increased by 133 percent. The field distribution is very uneven. In some fields women with doctorates are fairly numerous, but most of these fields are ones in which women have for long constituted a significant portion of the total. In other fields, notably engineering and some of the physical sciences, it is still difficult to find women with doctorates from the universities in which large numbers of new faculty members receive their graduate education. Increasing numbers of minority students are earning doctorates in some fields, but in many fields the number is still very low. The several minority groups show quite different patterns of distribution among fields of specialization. The two smaller groups—American Indian and Spanish-origin—are most like the white majority in distribution by fields. Black doctorates are concentrated in education, with relatively few in the sciences. Students of Asian ancestry are heavily concentrated in engineering and the natural sciences.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Scientific Careers: Universalism and Particularism Open PDF 
    (1995)
    Long, J. Scott
    ;
    Fox, Mary Frank
    Science is an institution with immense inequality in career attainments. Women and most minorities, as groups, have lower levels of participation, position, productivity, and recognition than do white men. Research in the sociology of science has focused on the degree to which different outcomes have resulted from universalistic and from particularistic processes. In this paper we 1) depict the career attainments of women and minorities in science, 2) consider the meaning and measurement of universalism compared to particularism, 3) analyze the causes of differential attainment with a view to assessing evidence for violations of universalism, 4) propose conditions under which particularism is likely to occur, and 5) consider methodological problems that affect this research.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Factors in Reviewer Recommendations for Manuscript Publication Open PDF 
    (1990)
    Lloyd, Margaret E.
    This study investigated whether the gender of manuscript authors affected reviewers' editorial decisions. Female and male reviewers for five behavioral journals were asked to evaluate identical manuscripts according to their usual criteria. Half the manuscripts were supposedly written by men and half by women. Male reviewers did not evaluate male- and female-authored manuscripts differently. Female reviewers accepted significantly more female-authored (62%) than male-authored (10%) manuscripts. Female-authored manuscripts were accepted significantly more often by female (62%) than by male (21%) reviewers. Information unrelated to the quality of the manuscript appears to have influenced reviewers' decisions. Implications for the journal review process are discussed.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Productivity patterns of men and women scientists in Venezuela Open PDF 
    (1992)
    Lemoine, W.
    This paper examines the applicability of Lotka's formulation as a general inverse power (α≠2) and as an inverse square power relationship (α=2) to the distribution of the scientific output in Venezuela. The analysis takes into consideration the sex of the authors and the type of journal, mainstream or national, in which they publish their articles. The data were taken from the last census of scientists and technologists carried out in 1983 by the Venezuelan government. A K-S and a t-test were applied to measure the degree of agreement between the distribution of the observed set of data against the inverse general power relationship (the former test) and the theoretical value of α=2 (the latter). It was found that a general inverse power relationship only describes the productivity pattern of those Venezuelan women scientists who publish in foreign journals. An inverse square power relationship characterizes the distribution pattern for the data set of female authors in all journals and for scientists of both sexes whose contributions appeared in national journals. The values of α suggest that women are less productive than men except in national journals, and Lotka's formulation seems to be useful as an indicator of inequality in male/female scientific productivity. © 1992 Akadémiai Kiadó.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Child Care, Research Collaboration, and Gender Differences in Scientific Productivity Open PDF 
    (SAGE Publications Inc., 1996)
    Kyvik, Svein
    ;
    Teigen, Mari
    Large differences in scientific productivity between male and female researchers have not yet been explained satisfactorily. This study finds that child care and lack of research collaboration are the two factors that cause significant gender differences in scientific publishing. Women with young children and women who do not collaborate in research with other scientists are clearly less productive than both their male and female colleagues.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Academic Snakes and Merit Ladders: Reconceptualising the “glass ceiling’ Open PDF 
    (1994)
    Heward, C.
    Evidence from the life history of a woman academic is used to support the argument that understandings of the underrepresentation of women in senior positions in higher education, the so-called c glass ceiling”require concepts about the interaction of process and structure. A radical reconceptualisation of the notion of academic merit encompassing diversity rather than a single hegemonic masculinity and measures advancing women as a group are required to address the problem. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Children and the Productivity of Academic Women
    (Ohio State University Press, 1977)
    Hamovitch, William
    ;
    Morgenstern, Richard D.
    This study examines the relationship between child rearing and the scholarly productivity of women in academia. Using, first, recent data collected by the Carnegie-American Council on Education and a multivariate statistical analysis, we find that, overall: (1) women faculty publish somewhat less than men; and (2) there is no evidence that child rearing is related to the number of publications of academic women. Further, using newly secured data we compared women academics who are considered "outstanding" by their peers with "other" women academics, and found no evidence that childrearing decreases the probability of a woman academics, being in the "outstanding," high status group.