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  • Item type:Publication,
    Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions: Data from Berkeley Open PDF 
    (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1975-02-07)
    Bickel, P. J.
    ;
    Hammel, E. A.
    ;
    O'Connell, J. W.
    Examination of aggregate data on graduate admissions to the University of California, Berkeley, for fall 1973 shows a clear but misleading pattern of bias against female applicants. Examination of the disaggregated data reveals few decision-making units that show statistically significant departures from expected frequencies of female admissions, and about as many units appear to favor women as to favor men. If the data are properly pooled, taking into account the autonomy of departmental decision making, thus correcting for the tendency of women to apply to graduate departments that are more difficult for applicants of either sex to enter, there is a small but statistically significant bias in favor of women. The graduate departments that are easier to enter tend to be those that require more mathematics in the undergraduate preparatory curriculum. The bias in the aggregated data stems not from any pattern of discrimination on the part of admissions committees, which seem quite fair on the whole, but apparently from prior screening at earlier levels of the educational system. Women are shunted by their socialization and education toward fields of graduate study that are generally more crowded, less productive of completed degrees, and less well funded, and that frequently offer poorer professional employment prospects.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Glass Ceiling or Iron Cage: Women in UK Academia Open PDF 
    (1994)
    Morley, L.
    This paper reviews some of the literature on women's position in the academic workforce in the UK, and considers an informal study conducted by the author of 12 women academics. A central consideration is the relationship between women's quantitative under‐representation in the academy and women academics' self‐concept and consciousness of their own abilities. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
  • Item type:Publication,
    A comparision of productivity of male and female scientists of CSIR Open PDF 
    (1999)
    Gupta, B.M.
    ;
    Kumar, S.
    ;
    Aggarwal, B.S.
    The paper examines the scientific productivity of male and female scientists working in the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India at the overall agency level and at the group of laboratories level, characterized by three broad subjects of physical, biological, and engineering sciences. The productivity of scientists is evaluated on the basis of three parameters: the extent of scientists not publishing any paper, the average number of papers per scientist, and using Lotka's approach. In order to find out whether there is any significant difference between male and female productivity distributions, a Chi-square test is used. Studies the applicability of Lotka's inverse power law and some other statistical models in the distribution of scientific productivity of male and female scientists. Concludes that no significant difference exists between productivity distributions of male and female scientists.