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A Cross‑Sectional Analysis of Speaker Representation: Intentionality meets Intersectionality in Academic Global Surgery Open PDF
(Ubiquity Press, Ltd., 2025)
Feres, Brenda
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Basu, Eilene
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Jose, Anna Mary
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Khan, Rabbey Raza
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Kebede, Abeba Aleka
Introduction: Despite increased advocacy, women and professionals from low‑ and middle‑income countries (LMICs) remain underrepresented in global surgery. To address this, the Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery (GEIGS) launched an annual General Assembly (GA). This study evaluates trends in academic representation and leadership at the GA, emphasizing pathways to equitable mentorship, academic voice, and faculty development. Methods: A retrospective cross‑sectional analysis of GEIGS GA speakers from 2020 to 2025 was performed. Data from conference records and public sources included gender, country of practice, degree(s), leadership role, citation count, prior speaking experience, and topic area. Linear regression assessed trends in gender representation. Results: A total of 104 speakers were identified. Women comprised 83.7% (n = 87; p < 0.001). Leadership positions were held by 64.4% (n = 67). The most common degrees were MD (62.5%) and PhD (16.4%); 15.4% (n = 16) were medical students. Of the speakers, 60.6% (n = 63) practiced in high‑income countries (HICs) and 39.4% (n = 41) in LMICs. Representation by women was consistent across regions: 84.1% in HICs and 82.9% in LMICs. Among LMIC speakers, 65.9% held leadership roles, 34.2% multiple degrees, and 68.3% prior speaking experience. No significant differences in academic qualifications were observed between HIC and LMIC speakers (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The GEIGS GA demonstrates that intentional, equity‑focused planning can achieve high female participation and meaningful inclusion of LMIC professionals. These findings provide a practical framework for promoting equitable representation in global surgery conferences. Continued attention to supporting LMIC voices in leadership and academia may help sustain progress.
Equity in Access to Arthroplasty from a Gender Perspective: A Narrative Review Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-06-04)
Patel, Neha
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McDougall, Catherine
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Arif, Azeta
Objective Despite growing gender diversity in medical education, orthopaedic surgery—particularly arthroplasty—remains one of the most male-dominated subspecialties. This review critically evaluates the barriers limiting female surgeons' access to arthroplasty, including disparities in training, mentorship, professional advancement, and leadership roles. In addition it explores the implications of gender disparities on workforce diversity, patient care outcomes, and surgical innovation while identifying strategies to enhance gender equity in the field. Introduction Women remain significantly underrepresented in arthroplasty, comprising a lower percentage of trainees, faculty, and senior consultants as compared to other surgical specialties. Systemic barriers such as implicit bias, limited mentorship, work-life balance challenges, and inequitable leadership opportunities contribute to this underrepresentation. These disparities influence career trajectories, limiting diversity in surgical perspectives and innovation. Addressing these issues is critical to achieving an equitable and inclusive workforce. Methodology A structured narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and orthopaedic society publications. The Data were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and institutional databases, focusing on gender representation in orthopaedic surgery, mentorship initiatives, workforce statistics, and leadership opportunities in arthroplasty. Comparative analysis was performed across subspecialties and institutions, and recommendations from diversity and inclusion initiatives were evaluated to highlight successful interventions. Conclusion Achieving gender equity in arthroplasty requires systemic changes, including structured mentorship programs, leadership development workshops, and institutional commitments to diversity. Addressing implicit biases, promoting flexible training pathways, and fostering sponsorship programs for female surgeons are essential. A diverse workforce in arthroplasty will not only promote professional equity but also improve patient care and surgical innovation.
Closing the Gender Gap in Global Surgery: Trends at the Academic Surgical Congress Open PDF
(2021)
Padmanaban, V.
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DaCosta, A.
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Tran, A.
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Kunac, A.
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Swaroop, M.
Introduction: Female researchers are underrepresented in academic surgery. While they are increasingly producing original research, they lag male researchers in productivity. This disparity is not well understood within the nascent field of global surgery. The following study examines gender parity in global surgery research presented at the Academic Surgical Congress and within subsequent publications. Methods: Abstracts presented at the Academic Surgical Congress (ASC) between 2015 and 2019 in “Global Surgery” sessions were reviewed to obtain title, the first author (FA) and senior author (SA). The authors were classified by gender. The Scopus database was queried by two reviewers for abstracts with corresponding publications, citations, and journal impact factors. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square analysis and t-tests where appropriate. Results: Of a total of 6635 abstracts, 218 global surgery abstracts over a 5-year period were identified. Of these abstracts, 96 (44%) had female FAs, while 56 (26%) had female SAs. When comparing gender, female (44%) FAs and male (56%) FAs were equally represented. While SAs were significantly less likely to be female (26% versus 74%, P < 0.0001), female senior authorship increased significantly within the study period. Output with respect to publications, citations, and journal impact factors were equal by gender. Conclusions: This study presents 5 y of gender trends in global surgery scholarly work presented at the ASC. Despite an overall predominance of male senior authors, the paradigm is shifting with a recent trend to gender parity. Male and female authors have equal output and are equally impactful. Findings of gender equity in academic global surgery are encouraging, and further study of other disciplines are warranted. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
The publication gender gap in US academic surgery Open PDF
(2017)
Mueller, C.
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Wright, R.
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Girod, S.
Background: Terms such as “glass ceiling” and “sticky floor” are still commonly used to describe women’s role in academic surgery. Despite continued efforts to address disparities between men and women in the field, gender inequalities persist. Methods: In this investigation we highlight gender differences in published surgical literature by both quantity and impact. Websites for departments of surgery of three academic centers were reviewed to assess the bibliometrics of publications by gender over a two-week period. Results: A one-way ANOVA showed a significantly higher H-index for men than women (p > .05). Further, one-way ANOVA showed significantly more articles published by men than women (p = .019). These differences are most dramatic at the rank of associate professor where the H-index for men is three times that of the women. The rank of full professor showed men had double the number of articles published. Conclusions: These findings align with the previous research that shows a disparity between males and females as they climb the academic ladder. Conducting and publishing research is a vital part of advancement in academic medicine. This study suggests that publication productivity may be a factor that hinders women from advancing within surgery compared to men. Continuing to explore and identify reasons for this gender difference in academic surgery may highlight ways to address the imbalance. © 2017 The Author(s).
Gender-Related Trends in Publication Authorship: A 10-Year Analysis of a Brazilian Surgical Journal
(2021)
Motter, Sarah B.
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Brandão, Gabriela R.
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Iaroseski, Júlia
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Alves, Amanda V.
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Konopka, Ana Luíza K.
There is a gender gap in the representation of women in the authorship of surgical literature worldwide. In Brazil, data on the gender distribution of the authorship of articles are scarce; and hence, there is a lack of awareness about the contemporary situation of women surgeons within the academic surgery in the country. In light of this, we conducted this study with an aim to describe and evaluate the authorship trends in a Brazilian surgical journal over a period of 10 years (2010-2019). We included 4,301 authors from 792 articles extracted from 60 editions of this journal. We analyzed the female representation as authors in general, first and last authors, and the female surgeons' representation as first and last authors for 568 original articles. We found that, in general, women represented 27.8% of all authors. Regarding original articles, women surgeons represented 8.4% and 6.1% of first and last authors, respectively. The linear regression analysis demonstrated that there was an increase over the years in women authorship. However, despite this increase over the years, a gender gap still persists in terms of women's representation as authors in the Brazilian surgical literature.
Female and low- and middle-income authorship trends in high-impact ENT journals (2011-2020) Open PDF
(2023)
Jashek-Ahmed, Farizeh
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Daudu, Davina
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Heer, Baveena
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Ali, Hawa
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Wiedermann, Joshua
INTRODUCTION: Despite a recent drive to increase diversity, the global academic workforce is skewed in favor of authors from high-income countries, and women are under-represented in the published medical literature. OBJECTIVES: To explore the trends in authorship of three high-impact otolaryngology journals over a ten-year period (2011-2020). METHODS: Journals selected: JAMA Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Laryngoscope and Rhinology. Articles were reviewed from four issues per journal per year, and data was collected on: time of publication; subspeciality; number of authors; sex of first and last authors; country of practice of first author and country where each study was conducted. Trends were examined though univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: 2998 articles were included. 93.9% of first authors and 94.2% of studies were from high-income countries.Women were first authors in 31.5% (n = 912) and senior authors in 18.4% (n = 524) of articles. Female first authorship significantly increased between 2011 and 2020 however female senior authorship remained the same. There have been no significant changes in the proportion of published articles from low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) over time (p = .65). Amongst the LMIC articles, 72% came from Brazil, Turkey or China and there were no published papers from countries with a low-income economy (gross national income per capita of $1085 or less). CONCLUSIONS: Although female first authorship has increased in the last decade, there has been minimal other demographic change in authorship over this time. High-impact otolaryngology journals poorly represent academia in low-and-middle income countries. There is a need for increased advocacy promoting gender and geographical research equity in academic medicine. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
Female authorship trends in the field of colorectal surgery: A retrospective bibliometric study Open PDF
(2023)
He, S.
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Gong, J.
Background: Gender disparity and hidden discrimination remained in the surgical subspecialties. This study aimed to explore the authorship gender composition in four high-impact colorectal surgery journals over the past two decades. Method: This cross-sectional study queried the Web of Science Core Collection database and PubMed (MEDLINE) for articles published in four high-impact colorectal surgery specialty journals between 2000 and 2021 (Database accessed at July 2022). Extracted data included authors' full names, institutions, year of publication and total citation numbers. Authors’ genders were assigned via gendrize.io, a third-party name predictor tool. Results: 100,325 authorship records were included in the final analysis. 21.8% of writers were identified as female, an increase from 11.4% (95% CI, 9.4%–13.3%) in 2000 to 26.5% (95% CI, 25.6%–27.4%) in 2021. Female authorship has risen in all authorship types, but women physicians were less likely to be the last authors than the first (OR, 0.63; 95%CI, 0.6–0.67) or middle authors (OR, 0.57; 95%CI, 0.55–0.60). Female authorship has also increased substantially in different document types, but female authorships were less likely in editorials than original articles (OR, 0.76; 95%CI, 0.7–0.83) and reviews (OR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.74–0.94). Compared with male physicians, females were more likely to author in publications with reportable funding, either as first authors (OR, 1.46; 95%CI, 1.12–1.78) or last authors (OR, 1.51; 95%CI, 1.22–1.89). Authorship varied geographically, and countries with the highest female authorship percentage were mainly in Europe and North America. Conclusion: Female authorship has grown substantially in colorectal surgery literature. However, female physicians were still underrepresented and less likely to assume senior or leading authorship roles. © 2023
Trends in Female Authorship in High Impact Surgical Journals between 2008 and 2018 Open PDF
(2022)
Hart, K.L.
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Boitano, L.T.
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Tanious, A.
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Conrad, M.F.
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Eagleton, M.J.
Objective: This study evaluates the distribution of authorship by sex over the last 10 years among the top 25 surgical journals. Summary of Background Data: Despite an increase in women entering surgical residency, there remains a sex disparity in surgical leadership. Scholarly activity is the foundation for academic promotion. However, few studies have evaluated productivity by sex in surgical literature. Methods: Original research in the 25 highest-impact general surgery/subspecialty journals were included (1/2008-5/2018). Journals with <70% identified author sex were excluded. Articles were categorized by sex of first, last, and overall authorship. We examined changes in proportions of female first, last, and overall authorship over time, and analyzed the correlation between these measurements and journal impact factor. Results: There were 71,867 articles from 19 journals included. Sex was successfully predicted for 87.3% of authors (79.1%-92.5%). There were significant increases in the overall percentage of female authors (b = 0.55, P<0.001), female first authors (b=0.97,P<0.001), and female last authors (b = 0.53, P < 0.001) over the study period. Notably, all cardiothoracic subspecialty journals did not significantly increase the proportion of female last authors over the study period. There were no correlations between journal impact factor and percentage of overall female authors (rs = 0.39, P = 0.09), female first authors (rs = 0.29, P = 0.22), or female last author (rs = 0.35, P = 0.13). Conclusions: This study identifies continued but slow improvement in female authorship of high-impact surgical journals during the contemporary era. However, the improvement was more apparent in the first compared to senior author positions. © 2022 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.
Gender Trends in Authorship of Foot and Ankle Academic Literature Over 24 Years Open PDF
(2019)
Vora, M.
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Kuripla, C.
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Ouyang, D.
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Sing, D.C.
Underrepresentation of females in surgery is reflected in research productivity across academic medicine, with male faculty being more likely to publish research than their female counterparts. In this study, we aimed to describe the representation and longevity of female investigators among the authors of articles in 3 foot and ankle research journals from 1993 to 2017. In this retrospective bibliometric analysis, authors from 3 prominent foot and ankle research journals (Foot and Ankle International, The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, and Foot and Ankle Clinics) were identified. The proportion of female authors who were first, middle, and senior authors and the total publication count per author were determined. From 1993 to 2017, 8132 original articles were published and a total of 6597 (81.1%) had an accessible author list. This allowed us to identify 25,329 total authors, of whom 22,961 (90.7%) were successfully matched to a gender. A total of 9273 unique authors were identified (females, 19.2%). Female representation increased for first and senior authors over the years from 6.5% and 5.9% (1993 to 1997) to 16.9% and 13.1% (2013 to 2017, p < .001), respectively. However, compared with male authors, female authors published fewer articles (mean: 1.7 versus 2.4, p < .001). Of the 2691 authors who first published during 2006 to 2011, 369 authors (13%), consisting of 8.1% females and 15% males (p < .001), continued to publish 5 years after their initial publication. Female representation in academic foot and ankle research has increased >2-fold over the past 2 decades. But despite these advances, compared to male authors, female authors are less likely to continue publishing 5 years after initial publication, and on average publish fewer articles. © 2019 the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
One hundred most-cited articles in head and neck surgery and analysis of female authorship Open PDF
(2023)
Trent, M.S.
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Michelle, L.
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Roman, K.
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Kim, J.K.
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Haidar, Y.M.
Background: While female head and neck surgeons have made significant contributions to the field, women's achievements in scientific communication have traditionally been underreported. Methods: A search of high-impact journals in the field of head and neck surgery was performed in the Elsevier's Scopus database to identify the top 100 most-cited articles. Results: The top 100 most-cited articles (during the span of 1953 and 2016) had the highest total number of citations between 2005 and 2009. Women accounted for 36% of first authors and 25% of corresponding authors. Change in the relative number of first female authors in these top 100 articles did not increase significantly between 1950 and 2019. Conclusion: The proportion of female first authors in head and neck surgery has not significantly increased over the past several decades, despite greater numbers of female trainees. Our findings support the need for additional research on female representation in head and neck surgery. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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