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  • Item type:Publication,
    Longitudinal Trends in Racial and Gender Representation among Academic Faculty: A Systematic Review Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-05)
    Jafari, Zahra
    ;
    Habibnezhad, Mohammad
    ;
    Johnstone, Marjorie
    ;
    Hickey, Ellen
    Despite ongoing efforts to improve faculty diversity, systemic barriers have historically marginalized racial and ethnic minorities, particularly women, in academic positions. This systematic review addresses a critical gap in the literature by synthesizing longitudinal trends in the racial and gender composition of academic faculty, shedding light on the evolution of these disparities over time. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, with a systematic search of five databases (Sociological Abstracts, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Gender Studies Database, and MEDLINE) conducted between 2014 and July 2024 without language restrictions. Of the 8,423 records initially identified, 52 peer-reviewed articles, predominantly from medical and health-related departments, met the inclusion criteria for review. Using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist, the methodological design of most included articles was assessed as high quality. Key findings revealed a general increase in the representation of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) faculty in some fields but stagnation or decline in others, particularly at senior levels. An intersectional analysis of race and gender highlighted that URiM women face unique challenges, including lower promotion rates and higher attrition risks. While these findings point to some progress in the overall representation of URiM faculty, substantial inequities persist, particularly at leadership levels and in promotion and retention processes. These challenges are further exacerbated by intersectional factors. Future research should incorporate qualitative data to better understand barriers and guide the development of targeted interventions.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Black Women in Medical Education Publishing: Bibliometric and Testimonio Accounts Using Intersectionality Methodology Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-10-23)
    Seide, Witzard
    ;
    Maggio, Lauren A.
    ;
    Artino, Anthony R.
    ;
    Leroux, Todd
    ;
    Konopasky, Abigail
    Background Black women in academic medicine experience racial and gender discrimination, all while being tasked with improving a flawed system. Representation of Black women in medicine remains low, yet they bear the burden of fostering diversity and mentoring trainees, exacerbating their minority tax and emotional labor, and negatively impacting career progression. Objective To complement qualitative accounts of Black women authors in the medical education literature with a quantitative account of their representation. We used statistical modeling to estimate the representation of Black women authors in medical education publishing as compared to other groups. Design An intersectional methodology employing bibliometric analysis and testimonio reflection. Subjects US-based authors of journal articles published in medical education journals between 2000 and 2020. Main Measures Author race was determined using a probability-based algorithm incorporating US Census data, and author gender was ascribed using Social Security Administration records. We conducted two negative binomial generalized linear models by first and last author publications. Metadata for each article was retrieved from Web of Science and PubMed to include author names, country of institutional affiliation, and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Results were contextualized via the “testimonio” account of a Black woman author. Key Results Of 21,945 unique authors, Black women (and other racially minoritized groups) published far fewer first and last author papers than white women and men. In addition, major MeSH terms used by Black women authors reveal little overlap with highly ranked medical education topics. The testimonio further narrated struggles with belonging and racial identity. Conclusion This study revealed that Black women are underrepresented in medical education publishing. We believe that dismantling oppressive structures in the publishing ecosystem and the field is imperative for achieving equity. Additionally, further experiential accounts are needed to contextualize this quantitative account and understand underrepresentation in medical education publishing.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender in sustainability research: Inclusion, intersectionality, and patterns of knowledge production Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Khalikova, V.R.
    ;
    Jin, M.
    ;
    Chopra, S.S.
    This cross-disciplinary study examines gender inclusion and intersectionality in the knowledge production of sustainability research. Building on studies of gender inclusion as essential for quality research, we develop a three-step framework that analyzes the socio-demographic profile of researchers (sustainability by whom?), key research trajectories (sustainability of what?), and beneficiaries of sustainability research (sustainability for whom?). Our methods include a survey and a bibliometric analysis. The survey was administered at the joint conference of the International Society for Industrial Ecology and the International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology in 2017. The survey results show gendered differences in collaboration patterns. The survey results also indicated a good level of gender inclusion among the experts in this field, but the bibliometric analysis showed that gender issues remain marginal in the studies of industrial ecology. In contrast to industrial ecology, we found increasing attention to gender in other areas of sustainability research (climate change, corporate social responsibility, food production, resource management, energy policy, and environmental behavior and education), but even there, “gender” tends to be equated with “women” in traditional gender roles, ignoring the role of intersectionality—the intersection of gender with income, age, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, this study makes recommendations to approach gender critically, by using theoretical lenses from gender studies scholarship (i.e., gender as a constructed, intersectional, dynamic category). We show how these lenses enable better assessments of the environmental impacts of industrial processes on people of diverse backgrounds in the context of changing patterns of work and consumption. © 2021 by Yale University.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Will COVID-19 result in a giant step backwards for women in academic science? Open PDF 
    (Elsevier, 2021)
    Shamseer, Larissa
    ;
    Bourgeault, Ivy
    ;
    Grunfeld, Eva
    ;
    Moore, Ainsley
    ;
    Peer, Nazia
    COVID-19 has disproportionately placed women in academic science on the frontlines of domestic and clinical care compared to men. As a result, women in science are publishing less and potentially acquiring less funding during COVID-19 than compared to before. This widens the pre-existing gap between men and women in prevailing, publication-based measures of productivity used to determine academic career progression. Early career women and those with intersectional identities associated with greater inequities, are facing unique challenges during this time. We argue that women will fall further behind unless academic reward systems adjust how and what they evaluate. We propose several strategies that academic institutions, funders, journals, and men in academic science can take.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Diversification of Academic Surgery, Its Leadership, and the Importance of Intersectionality Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Riner, Andrea N.
    ;
    Herremans, Kelly M.
    ;
    Neal, Daniel W.
    ;
    Johnson-Mann, Crystal
    ;
    Hughes, Steven J.
    Importance: Diversity in academic surgery is lacking, particularly among positions of leadership. Objective: To evaluate trends among racial/ethnical minority groups stratified by gender along the surgical pipeline, as well as in surgical leadership. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis assessed US surgical faculty census data obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges faculty roster in the Faculty Administrative Management Online User System database. Surgical faculty members captured in census data from December 31, 2013, to December 31, 2019, were included in the analysis. Faculty were identified from the surgery category of the faculty roster, which includes general surgeons and subspecialists, neurosurgeons, and urologists. Main Outcomes and Measures: Gender and race/ethnicity were obtained for surgical faculty stratified by rank. Descriptive statistics with annual percentage of change in representation are reported based on faculty rank. Results: A total of 15 653 US surgical faculty, including 3876 women (24.8%), were included in the data set for 2019. Female faculty from racial/ethnic minority groups experienced an increase in representation at instructor and assistant and associate professorship appointments, with a more favorable trajectory than male faculty from racial/ethnic minority groups across nearly all ranks. White faculty maintain most leadership positions as full professors (3105 of 3997 [77.7%]) and chairs (294 of 380 [77.4%]). The greatest magnitude of underrepresentation along the surgical pipeline has been among Black (106 of 3997 [2.7%]) and Hispanic/Latinx (176 of 3997 [4.4%]) full professors. Among full professors, although Black and Hispanic/Latinx male representation increased modestly (annual change, 0.07% and 0.10%, respectively), Black female representation remained constant (annual change, 0.00004%) and Hispanic/Latinx female representation decreased (annual change, -0.16%). Overall Hispanic/Latinx (20 of 380 [5.3%]) and Black (13 of 380 [3.4%]) representation as chairs has not changed, with only 1 Black and 1 Hispanic/Latinx woman ascending to chair from 2013 to 2019. Conclusions and Relevance: A disproportionately small number of faculty from minority groups obtain leadership positions in academic surgery. Intersectionality may leave female members of racial/ethnic minority groups more disadvantaged than their male colleagues in achieving leadership positions. These findings highlight the urgency to diversify surgical leadership.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Informal science learning experiences for gender equity, inclusion and belonging in STEM through a feminist intersectional lens Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Reznik, G
    ;
    Massarani, L
    ;
    Barton, AC
    In this paper, the authors seek to analyze the perceptions, motivations and experiences of young women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education projects aiming to incentivize gender equity, based on the theoretical framework of feminist studies on science and intersectionality, as well as academic literature on equity and inclusion in science communication. The following question was considered: How does experience in these projects influence young women's perceptions of belonging in the STEM fields? Working from a qualitative, content analysis approach, the authors conducted 73 questionnaires, 20 interviews, and 4 focus groups with 25 young women who participated in 4 projects developed in public schools in low-income settings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The authors categorized the experience of these young women in their individual dimension-regarding motivations, interests, science identity and future career prospects; family dimension-encouragement and recognition from family members and parents' beliefs and expectations; educational dimension-recognition by the school community, improvement in school performance, and intervention in school spaces; project dimension-representativeness of gender, race, class, and location, development of self-esteem and self-confidence, building of a sense of belonging, and active learning methodologies; and social dimension-domestic work in their daily lives and experiences of discrimination based on gender, race, class and location. The authors argue that such projects become "counter-spaces" in which marginalized young women find spaces of resistance and possibility, based on the unique position they occupy and, through feeling included and belonging, can claim their rightful presence from an intersectional perspective.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Climate for women in climate science: Women scientists and the intergovernmental panel on climate change Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Gay-Antaki, M.
    ;
    Liverman, D.
    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an authoritative and influential source of reports on climate change. The lead authors of IPCC reports include scientists from around the world, but questions have been raised about the dominance of specific disciplines in the report and the disproportionate number of scholars from the Global North. In this paper, we analyze the as-yet-unexamined issue of gender and IPCC authorship, looking at changes in gender balance over time and analyzing women’s views about their experience and barriers to full participation, not only as women but also at the intersection of nationality, race, command of English, and discipline. Over time, we show that the proportion of female IPCC authors has seen a modest increase from less than 5% in 1990 to more than 20% in the most recent assessment reports. Based on responses from over 100 women IPCC authors, we find that many women report a positive experience in the way in which they are treated and in their ability to influence the report, although others report that some women were poorly represented and heard. We suggest that an intersectional lens is important: not all women experience the same obstacles: they face multiple and diverse barriers associated with social identifiers such as race, nationality, command of English, and disciplinary affiliation. The scientific community benefits from including all scientists, including women and those from the Global South. This paper documents barriers to participation and identifies opportunities to diversify climate science.