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A longitudinal analysis of gendered career trajectories and academic efficiency in North American MD/PhD faculty Open PDF
(Informa UK Limited, 2026-05-28)
Quon, Stephanie
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Joseph, Marissa
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Khosa, Faisal
Gender disparities in academic medicine persist despite increasing women's representation in higher education. Prior research highlights the underrepresentation of women in senior ranks and leadership roles, yet few studies have assessed these disparities using time-adjusted productivity metrics. This study aims to evaluate gender-based differences in academic rank, scholarly productivity, and leadership representation among MD/PhD faculty in North America, accounting for career length and institutional variability. A secondary analysis was conducted on a dataset of 6,149 MD/PhD faculty from 122 accredited North American medical schools. Time-adjusted measures of productivity, H-index per year and citations per year, were calculated. Gender differences in rank, productivity, and leadership were assessed using Mann-Whitney U tests and descriptive statistics. Institutional-level representation of women in leadership roles was also analyzed. Women held significantly lower academic ranks than males and were underrepresented in departmental leadership roles. Despite achieving assistant and full professorships earlier, women were overall less likely to reach these positions. Males exhibited higher time-adjusted H-index and citation rates (p < .0001), with a compounded 3.5-year publication gap. Institutional analysis revealed stark variability: 38 institutions had no women in MD/PhD leadership roles, while fewer than 20 percent achieved gender parity. Gender disparities in academic medicine cannot be explained by productivity alone. Structural barriers, opaque promotion criteria, and institutional cultures continue to impede women's advancement and leadership. Addressing these inequities requires transparent policies, targeted mentorship, equity audits, and inclusive leadership pathways to support a more equitable academic workforce.
Educational strategies for integrating gender perspectives in health professions training: a systematic review to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-03-07)
López, Karina
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Cabanas, Ana María
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Pinazo, Fabian
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Zambrano, Nathalia
BACKGROUND: Preparing health professionals to deliver equitable, culturally competent care requires integrating gender perspectives throughout medical training. While essential for addressing health disparities affecting women, men, and gender-diverse populations, implementation approaches vary widely across institutions and regions. Evidence on effective strategies remains fragmented. This systematic review synthesizes educational interventions for gender-sensitive training, evaluates outcomes on student competencies, and examines global research patterns to identify equity gaps in the scholarship itself. METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a prospectively registered systematic review (PROSPERO CRD420251132158). We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated educational strategies for integrating gender perspectives in health professions training. Two independent reviewers performed screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal using a generic risk-of-bias tool. Thematic synthesis identified core educational strategy domains and their effectiveness. We complemented this with bibliometric mapping (co-citation, co-authorship, co-word analysis) to examine geographic distribution of research, international collaboration patterns, and conceptual evolution in the field. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria from 133 records. Six educational strategy domains emerged from thematic synthesis: curricular design, active learning methodologies, faculty development, assessment systems, digital technologies, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Interventions consistently improved clinical knowledge of gender-diverse health needs, recognition and reduction of implicit bias, ethical sensitivity, and gender-affirming communication skills. Bibliometric analysis revealed striking geographic concentration: 72.2% of research originates from European institutions (38% from Germany alone), with minimal international collaboration (12.5) and virtually no Global South representation. This pattern highlights persistent inequities in whose perspectives shape DEI frameworks in medical education. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating gender perspectives into health professions education represents an evidence-based strategy for advancing DEI principles and preparing providers to deliver equitable, culturally competent care. Effective implementation requires dedicated institutional commitment through three key mechanisms: dedicated change agents who champion gender equity, formal structural integration rather than ad-hoc interventions, and systematic faculty development programs. However, the geographic concentration of research in high-income Western contexts raises critical questions about equity in DEI scholarship itself. Achieving gender equity in healthcare globally requires parallel commitments: integrating gender-sensitive curricula in all institutions while ensuring that diverse global voices, especially from the Global South, meaningfully shape DEI discourse and frameworks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD420251132158.
Closing the gap?—Trends in women’s full professorship at the medical faculty of the University of Rostock 1563–2018 Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-04-22)
Bindrich, Sabrina
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Wille, Nico
BACKGROUND: This study analyses the representation of female full professors at the Medical Faculty of the University of Rostock (UMR) between 1563 and 2018 based on the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium, while also examining the career paths and personal background of the professors. METHODS: The data for this study was acquired from the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium (CPR), a biographical online lexicon, the university archive and the statistical department of the University of Rostock. Descriptive Statistics, the Mann–Whitney-U-Test and the Kruskal–Wallis-Test for independent samples followed by pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction were used to analyse differences between subgroups like epochs and male or female professors. RESULTS: The dataset includes 295 professors, 279 (94.57%) listed as male and 16 (5.42%) as female. There were no female full professors until 1964. While women are overrepresented in the lower ranks of academia, they remain underrepresented in the highest ranks: In 2018, 63.16% of students, 59.69% of the faculty’s graduates, 59.50% of newly graduated doctors and 33.33% of habilitations were women, while only 10.94% of professors at the UMR were female. In comparison, in 2018 female professors accounted for 23.69% of all professors in medicine in Germany. The first initiative for the promotion of women at the UMR mentioned in the archive files dates to 1962. The stomatological clinic was the first to create personalized development plans for women in academia and in total there were more female professors in orthodontics than male ones. Over the course of the study period, the proportion of female professors at the medical faculty increased noticeably, which is also reflected in a significant difference in appointment years between male and female professors (p < 0.001). In 1985, 9.76% of professors were women, while 55.90% of students were female. By 2024, these figures had risen to 18.31% of professors and 69.38% of students, respectively. CONCLUSION: Though significant progress has been made, further systematic changes are needed to achieve gender equity at the UMR. To make this possible, consequent initiatives by leaders, sufficient resources and continuous re-evaluation are needed.
Gender representation trends in cardiothoracic surgery journal editorial boards Open PDF
(Elsevier BV, 2024-12)
Higaki, Adrian Acuna
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Papageorge, Marianna V.
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Waldron, Christina
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Huggins, Lenique
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Brinker, Morgan
Objective We aimed to characterize chronologic trends of gender composition of the editorial boards of major cardiothoracic surgery journals in the current era. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed of gender representation in editorial board members of 2 North American cardiothoracic surgery journals from 2008 to 2023. Member names and roles were collected from available monthly issues. Validated software programming was used to classify gender. The annual proportion of women representation was compared to the thoracic surgery workforce. Results During the study period, 558 individuals (3641 names) were identified, 14.3% of whom were women. The total number of editorial board women increased for both journals. The proportion of women also increased from 2.5% (3 out of 118) in 2008 to 17.8% (71 out of 399) in 2023 (P < .001), exceeding the percentage of women in the thoracic surgery workforce, which increased from 3.8% in 2007 to 8.3% in 2021 (P < .001). The average duration of participation was longer for men than for women (53.8 vs 44.5 months; P = .01). Women in editorial board senior roles also increased from 3.3% (1 out of 30) in 2008 to 28.6% (42 out of 147) in 2023 (P < .001), almost triple the increase in nondesignated roles from 2.3% (2 out of 88) in 2008 to 11.5% (29 out of 252) in 2023 (P < .001). Conclusions In recent years, the appointment of women to the editorial boards of high-impact cardiothoracic surgery journals and senior roles have proportionally exceeded the overall representation of women in cardiothoracic surgery. These findings indicate progress in inclusive efforts and offer insight toward reducing academic gender disparities.
The Status of Women in Academic Medicine, and Particularly in Neurosurgery, in a Developing Country, Türkiye Open PDF
(Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
Aslan, Ayfer
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Bulduk, Erkut B.
OBJECTIVE: Women have always faced inequality in academic medical careers in Türkiye as well as the rest of the world. However, to date, no definitive data has been published regarding the representation rate of women in academic medicine in Türkiye. The aim of this study is to reveal the status of women in faculty and leadership positions in academic medicine in Türkiye. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted through websites of the Council of Higher Education (YOK) in Türkiye and medical faculties accredited by YOK as of October 2025. RESULTS: There were 132 medical schools in Türkiye. Women constituted 41% of all faculty members, 37% of professors, 42% of associate professors, 44% of assistant professors, 57% of lecturers, and 50% of residents in medical faculties in Türkiye. Among leadership positions, there were 26 (21%) women deans, and 98 (46%) women vice deans. Women comprised 35% of the faculty administrative committees and 35% of faculty boards. 25% of chairpersons of medical sciences divisions, and 35% of department heads were women. Regarding women in Neurosurgery, only 6% (n=25) of faculty and 5% (n=5) of department heads in neurosurgery were women. Among neurosurgery faculty, women comprised only 2% (n=3) of full professors, 6% (n=5) of associate professors, 9% (n=14) of assistant professors, and 27% (n=3) of lecturers. There were 45 (28%) female residents in neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Gender equity has not yet been achieved in academic medicine in Türkiye. More effective policies promoting gender equality should be implemented by the authorities.
Exploring gender disparities in academic orthopaedic surgery faculty: analyzing subspecialty and leadership diversity to foster inclusivity Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-11)
Anand, Malini
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Julian, Kaitlyn R.
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Mulcahey, Mary K.
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Wong, Stephanie E.
Background The historic gap in gender diversity within orthopaedic surgery is widely acknowledged and continues to persist. The lack of female representation in orthopaedic surgery has been attributed to a variety of factors, including the absence of female mentors and leaders within the field. As such, we sought to examine the gender diversity among orthopaedic surgery faculty in various subspecialties at academic institutions and the distribution of female faculty in positions of leadership. Methods The American Medical Association Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) was used to identify all allopathic orthopaedic surgery residency programs during the 2022 to 2023 academic year. The total number of faculty, and distribution of female faculty by subspecialty were collected from January to March 2023. The mean and percentage of female faculty in each subspecialty per program was calculated. Results The total number of orthopaedic surgery female faculty identified was 524. The subspecialty with the highest percentage of female faculty per program was pediatrics at 26.1% (148/511). Hand (18.6%; 113/511), oncology (19.2%; 38/511), foot and ankle (13.6%; 49/511), spine (3.9%; 21/511), shoulder and elbow (7.4%; 7/511) and adult reconstruction (3.7%; 24/511) had lower percentages of female faculty per program. A total of 52 (10.2%) female section chiefs were identified across all programs. Oncology had the highest percentage of female faculty represented in section leadership at 18.4% (7) and sports medicine had the lowest at 4.8% (4). Conclusion Gender diversity of faculty in orthopaedic surgery is low with adult reconstruction (3.7%), spine (3.9%), and shoulder and elbow (7.4%) having the lowest percentages of female faculty. The percentage of female faculty represented in section leadership is also lacking with a total of 52 (10.2%) female section chiefs identified across all programs. Increasing the number of females in leadership positions across all orthopaedic subspecialties may be one step in helping improve gender diversity in the field.
Investigating Career Advancement in Academic Cytopathology Workforce: A Gender and Regional Comparison Open PDF
(Wiley, 2025-04-10)
Chiou, Paul Z.
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Jia, Yuane
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Vinod, Rema
ABSTRACT Objective Using bibliometric analysis to inform factors impacting career mobility, focusing on gender and regional variations in academic cytopathology. Methods The Scopus database was used to determine the productivity and experience of cytopathologists who are faculty from the 92 fellowship programs. The dependent variable was promotion to the rank of Professor. A regression analysis was conducted with productivity (h‐index), experience (years in publication) and one's geographic work location as covariates to investigate the role of gender in promotion. Results The gender distribution is skewed towards females at the Assistant (62.4% vs. 37.58%) and Associate Professors (70.51% vs. 29.49%) levels, but the gap narrows at the full‐professor rank (52.98% vs. 47.02%). The regression model showed significant regional variation in promotion for the Southern (0.35; 95% CI, 0.16–0.79; p = 0.012) and Northeastern (0.24; 95% CI, 0.10–0.57; p = 0.001) regions compared to the West. Active years of publishing (1.18; 95% CI, 1.11–1.27; p < 0.001) and productivity (1.09; 95% CI, 1.06–1.12; p < 0.001) were factors in promotion. The mean HI productivity was comparable between the males and females in the first (4.41 for males and 4.40 for females) and the second decade (13.81 for males and 12.84 for females). However, the gap widened into the third decade (30.27 for males and 26.40 for females), suggesting potential areas for improvement. Conclusion While the academic cytopathology workforce is progressing towards gender equity, there is still room for improvement. Our findings suggest that focusing on mid‐career professionals(between the second to third decades) by providing additional resources for research and facilitating work–life flexibility can help close the gender gap at the highest level.
Gender disparities in authorship in European cardio-thoracic journals Open PDF
(Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025-06-19)
Galeone, Antonella
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Cleuziou, Julie
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Perrone, Fabiola
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Maffei, Irene
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Fiorinelli, Giorgia
OBJECTIVES The goal was to evaluate gender authorship in 2 cardio-thoracic surgical journals. METHODS We performed a bibliometric analysis of all articles published from 2017 to 2022 in the European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and the Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. For each article, the gender and academic rank of the first, senior and corresponding authors were verified by Internet search, email contact or use of the application Genderize.io. Articles were categorized based on topic, type and country of origin. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate gender authorship trend over time. RESULTS A total of 5243 articles were included in the analysis. Women represented 18% of first authors, 7% of senior authors and 13% of corresponding authors; no trend was seen over time. Women represented 16% of first authors and 7% of senior authors in adult cardiac surgery, 23% of first authors and 9% of senior authors in congenital cardiac surgery and 19% of first authors and 8% of senior authors in thoracic surgery. Male first authors were more frequently full professors (17% vs 5%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%), and male senior authors were more frequently full professors (48% vs 31%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%) compared to female senior authors. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of female authors is significantly lower than that of male authors in highest-impact European cardio-thoracic surgery journals, and no significant increase in female authorship has been demonstrated in recent years. Increasing awareness of gender disparities is essential to facilitate equal career opportunities and academic advancement for women in cardio-thoracic surgery.
The gender gap in academic anesthesiology and critical care medicine: a systematic review Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-12-20)
De Cassai, Alessandro
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Rubulotta, Francesca
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Zdravkovic, Marko
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Mustaj, Sindi
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Berger-Estilita, Joana
Abstract Purpose Gender disparities in academia are a growing concern, impacting various disciplines, including health care. We aimed to investigate gender-based differences in academic performance, leadership roles, and academic distinction within anesthesiology and critical care medicine. Source We conducted electronic searches for relevant articles published in PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Education Resources Information Center, PsychINFO, and ProQuest from database inception until 23 June 2024. Three researchers conducted blinded assessments using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. We reported descriptive statistics for quantitative data from the included research articles. Principal findings Our initial screening identified 37,311 studies, 71 of which met the specified inclusion criteria and were therefore evaluated. Analysis of academic publishing trends revealed a gradual increase in the proportion of women as coauthors, first authors (in anesthesiology, the increase ranged from 7% to 17%, and in critical care medicine the increase was 4%), last authors, and corresponding authors. Despite these improvements, women remain underrepresented on the editorial boards of top journals. Although an increase in the representation of women as abstract presenters at conferences was noted, gender disparities persist in senior authorship roles. Conclusion Gender disparities are evident in academic leadership positions within anesthesiology and critical care medicine, with few women holding editor-in-chief positions and underrepresentation of women on editorial boards. We observed similar gaps in departmental and scientific society leadership roles. The distribution of awards, prizes, and grants remains skewed, indicating persistent gender imbalances in academic distinction. While progress has been made in certain areas, substantial gaps persist in scholarly publishing, leadership, and academic distinction.
Assessing and improving women representation in radiology leadership positions Open PDF
(Elsevier BV, 2025-01)
Sharma, Sonali
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Malik, Aleena
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Matschek, Jessica
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Zaki-Metias, Kaitlin M.
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Gandhi, Rushali
Gender representation remains a critical issue in professions, especially within medical specialties like radiology, where the representation of women in leadership roles significantly lags. Despite a promising increase in women physicians in Canada, reaching 42.7% by 2019, radiology showcases a stark gender disparity, particularly in leadership positions. This article examines the barriers hindering women's advancement in radiology and proposes actionable solutions to cultivate a more equitable environment. It highlights the underrepresentation of women in radiology leadership across the United States and Canada, with women holding significantly fewer senior academic positions and leadership roles. Key barriers include a lack of women role models, gender-based obstacles in research opportunities, and by design discriminatory practices. Solutions proposed include the establishment of mentorship programs, and inclusive policies at multiple organizational levels such as at the level of trainees, faculty and leadership positions including chair of the department. Additionally, policies and initiatives centred on education and training in unconscious bias, the creation of professional groups for women in radiology, and interventions to address unsafe work environments.

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