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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender bias in evaluating assistant professorship applicants? Evidence from harmonized survey experiments in Germany and Italy Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-02)
    Gërxhani, Klarita
    ;
    Kulic, Nevena
    ;
    Rusconi, Alessandra
    ;
    Solga, Heike
    Abstract This study investigates gender biases in the evaluation of applicants for assistant professorships in Germany and Italy. Drawing on the justification-suppression model of prejudice expression, we explore whether biases against women are expressed, suppressed, or even reversed in the appointment process, considering the different normative gender climates and gender equality strategies in the two countries. Using harmonized factorial survey experiments with professors of economics, political science, and social sciences, we found that women in Germany have an advantage both in perceived qualification for an assistant professorship and in the propensity to receive an interview invitation. In contrast, women in Italy are neither disadvantaged nor advantaged. We also examine whether gender biases exist when there is ambiguity about applicants' academic performance (co-authorship) and career commitment (parental leave). Our results reveal a co-authorship penalty and a parenthood premium in both countries, with no gender differences observed. Our exploratory country comparison suggests that Germany's proactive gender equality policies may be more effective in reducing the gender gap in assistant professor appointments compared to Italy's gender-neutral approach, by favoring equally qualified female applicants.
  • Item type:Publication,
    How human capital, universities of excellence, third party funding, mobility and gender explain productivity in German political science Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Habicht, I.M.
    ;
    Lutter, M.
    ;
    Schröder, M.
    Using a unique panel dataset of virtually all German academic political scientists, we show that researchers become much more productive due to the accumulation of human capital and third party funding. We also show however, that while universities of excellence have more productive researchers, individuals who go there do not become more productive. Finally, we show how women publish only 9 percent less than men with the same level of prior publication experience, but are about 26 percent less productive over their entire career, as early productivity leads to later productivity, so that women increasingly fall behind. These results cannot be explained through the influence of childbearing. Rather, they support the ‘theory of limited differences’, which argues that small differences in early productivity accumulate to large differences over entire careers, as early success encourages later success. Apart from generally showing why political scientists publish more or less, we specifically identify accumulative advantage as the principal reason why women increasingly fall behind men over the course of their careers. © 2021, The Author(s).
  • Item type:Publication,
    Excellence and gender equality policies in neoliberal universities
    (2017)
    Riegraf, B.
    ;
    Weber, L.
    The historical nexus of academia and gender has been characterised by exclusivity. The classical idea of innovative science was shaped by male scientists and refl ected their ways of living and was mainly reproduced via gatekeeping and homosocial co-optation processes. Recently, academia has begun a transition towards a new model of academic organisation and governance represented by the vision of the 'neoliberal university'. In this transition the historical nexus between academic 'excellence' and masculine culture is being called into question by new economic mechanisms and instruments of academic governance that are declared to be 'gender neutral' and 'transparent'. In fact, some studies show that management by performance disadvantages female academics by favouring male patronage, but with the instruments of the new governance gender equality can also be introduced as a core principle of excellence criteria, as happened in the case of the German excellence initiative. On the basis of two case studies of German universities, our contribution shows how the nexus between 'excellence' competition and masculine culture is eroding, partly due to new 'quasi'-market mechanisms being combined with gender equality policies. Our fi ndings shed light on new gendered work patterns and inequalities of contemporary academia. Academia is opening up to 'excellent' high-performance women, while other women are still disadvantaged. © Institute of Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 2017.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Protégé-advisor gender pairings in academic survival and productivity of German PhD graduates
    (2021)
    Rehs, A.
    Female underrepresentation is a severe problem in academia and challenges the principle of merit-based selection. Previous studies have found protégé-advisor gender pairings to be associated with scientific survival and early career productivity for young scientists. In this study, I add to these results and focus on the disentanglement of temporal patterns after completing a PhD. I link a dataset of German protégé-advisor pairs scraped from online dissertations with disambiguated publication data from the Web of Science. My analysis is based upon time-discrete survival regression and explores the duration until the final publication after completing a PhD. I show that for protégés of female advisors, the yearly risk to drop out of academia after completing a PhD is about 38% lower than for protégés of male advisors. This effect is not different between female and male protégés. Women generally have a higher yearly dropout rate after completing a PhD. © 2021 18th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics, ISSI 2021. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    How do public investments in gender equality initiatives and publication patterns interrelate? The case of Germany. Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Bührer, Susanne
    ;
    Frietsch, Rainer
    This article examines whether two of the major German flagship programmes to increase the participation of female researchers in the German science system, the "Women Professorship Programme" and the "Pact for Research and Innovation", have actually increased the number of women, especially in leadership positions. In a second step, we analyse whether such an assumed increase influences the publication patterns of authors with German affiliation. This article is based on literature and desk research as well as bibliometric analysis using Scopus. The most important result is that the number of women in research has indeed increased significantly in recent years and that, accordingly, more women are the (co)authors of scientific publications. In particular, it can be seen that quality indicators such as citations and excellence rates are high for female authors. This enables us to show that more women in the science system not only bring about a "gain in justice", but also a concrete scientific benefit.
  • Item type:Publication,
    How do public investments in gender equality initiatives and publication patterns interrelate? The case of Germany. Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Bührer, Susanne
    ;
    Frietsch, Rainer
    This article examines whether two of the major German flagship programmes to increase the participation of female researchers in the German science system, the "Women Professorship Programme" and the "Pact for Research and Innovation", have actually increased the number of women, especially in leadership positions. In a second step, we analyse whether such an assumed increase influences the publication patterns of authors with German affiliation. This article is based on literature and desk research as well as bibliometric analysis using Scopus. The most important result is that the number of women in research has indeed increased significantly in recent years and that, accordingly, more women are the (co)authors of scientific publications. In particular, it can be seen that quality indicators such as citations and excellence rates are high for female authors. This enables us to show that more women in the science system not only bring about a "gain in justice", but also a concrete scientific benefit.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Evaluating gender equality effects in research and innovation systems Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Bührer, S.
    ;
    Kalpazidou Schmidt, E.
    ;
    Palmén, R.
    ;
    Reidl, S.
    Despite the fact that the topic of “women in research and innovation” has been on the agenda for decades and numerous measures have been implemented at both national and supranational levels to improve gender equality in research and innovation systems, it is still unclear which measures and under which conditions these measures are most effective. Even less research has been carried out on the effects of better representation of women in terms of research and innovation. This paper is based on the application of an innovative evaluation framework, which encompasses complexity and theory of change approaches and aims at exploring the link between interventions and their subsequent effects to two case studies. We discuss two major German flagship programmes aiming at increasing the participation of female researchers in the science system, the “Women Professorship Programme” and the “Pact for Research and Innovation”. Through the two programmes, we tested and validated the evaluation framework and its indicators. As part of the validation process, a theory of change has been developed for each of the programmes. The theory-based evaluation approach helped not only to identify gender equality impacts but also broader effects on research and innovation that might have otherwise remained undetected. We studied the effects of the two programmes on the number of women in leadership positions and analysed whether an increase in the proportion of women leaders influences publication patterns. Although linear linkages are challenging to establish due to the complexity of the process, the findings suggest that the flagship programmes have contributed not only to higher shares of women researchers but also to improved female publication and citation rates. There are clear benefits for Germany in terms of scientific results from the increased proportion of female researchers in research and innovation. © 2020, The Author(s).