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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender composition of editorial boards in Pakistani Medline-indexed journals: a disaggregated analysis Open PDF 
    (Pakistan Medical Association, 2026-06-25)
    Editorial boards determine the direction and scope of journals. The objective of this study was to assess the gender composition of the editorial boards of four Pakistani Medline-indexed journals using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Gender composition of the editorial boards of four Pakistani Medline-indexed journals was assessed using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The publicly available official editorial board pages were accessed and analysed for: Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA), Journal of Ayub Medical College (JAMC), Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (JCPSP), and Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PJPS). Cumulatively, 163 individuals comprised the editorial boards in these journals, out of which 112 (68.7%) were males. JPMA had the largest editorial team with 59 individuals, and JCPSP had the smallest team with 25 individuals. The most and least gender-diverse editorial teams were reported by JPMA and JAMC, with 22 (37.3%) and 6 (20.7%) women, respectively. Results augur the need for gender-sensitive training programmes to promote gender balance in the editorial boards of the country's medical journals.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The inverted gender pyramid in career progression among GCC physicians: implications for health workforce policy Open PDF 
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2026-05-22)
    Alzayani, Salman
    ;
    Al-Roomi, Khaldoon
    ;
    Almarabheh, Amer
    ;
    Hamdi, Ali M.
    INTRODUCTION: Gender equity in the health workforce is central to health systems policy and planning. In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, women constitute most of medical graduates, yet their representation at advanced medical career levels is lower than men, reflecting an inverted gender pyramid. Quantitative evidence across GCC countries remains limited. We examined the gender differences in physicians' career progression among medical graduates of a regional medical school serving multiple GCC countries. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational analysis was conducted using a pre-existing dataset of medical graduates from the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain. Eligible records required gender, nationality, career level, and years since graduation. The sample included 685 graduates. Career progression was defined as advanced versus entry or mid-career level. Characteristics were compared by gender in bivariate analysis using chi square tests. In addition, adjusted odds ratios were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Females comprised most of the medical graduates (57.7%). However, male physicians more frequently achieved advanced career levels than their female counterparts (50.3% vs. 43.0%, p = 0.027), with no significant gender differences in career years (p = 0.518). In adjusted logistic regression model, male physicians had higher odds of attaining advanced career progression compared with females (OR 2.253, 95% CI 1.377-3.686, p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: An inverted gender pyramid was apparent, with women overrepresented among medical graduates but underrepresented among advanced medical career levels. The pattern is consistent with growing international evidence of gender inequities in the medical profession. There is an urgent need for health policy action that improves promotion transparency and formalizes leadership pipeline progression.INTRODUCTION: Gender equity in the health workforce is central to health systems policy and planning. In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, women constitute most of medical graduates, yet their representation at advanced medical career levels is lower than men, reflecting an inverted gender pyramid. Quantitative evidence across GCC countries remains limited. We examined the gender differences in physicians' career progression among medical graduates of a regional medical school serving multiple GCC countries. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational analysis was conducted using a pre-existing dataset of medical graduates from the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain. Eligible records required gender, nationality, career level, and years since graduation. The sample included 685 graduates. Career progression was defined as advanced versus entry or mid-career level. Characteristics were compared by gender in bivariate analysis using chi square tests. In addition, adjusted odds ratios were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Females comprised most of the medical graduates (57.7%). However, male physicians more frequently achieved advanced career levels than their female counterparts (50.3% vs. 43.0%, p = 0.027), with no significant gender differences in career years (p = 0.518). In adjusted logistic regression model, male physicians had higher odds of attaining advanced career progression compared with females (OR 2.253, 95% CI 1.377-3.686, p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: An inverted gender pyramid was apparent, with women overrepresented among medical graduates but underrepresented among advanced medical career levels. The pattern is consistent with growing international evidence of gender inequities in the medical profession. There is an urgent need for health policy action that improves promotion transparency and formalizes leadership pipeline progression.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender stereotypes about women in pharmacy leadership: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Lebanon Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-05-20)
    Nassar, Perla
    ;
    Rached, Reine
    ;
    Nassar, Petra
    ;
    Awada, Sanaa
    ;
    Nasrallah, Inaam
    BACKGROUND: Gender-related stereotypes and inequities in career advancement and leadership recognition may persist in the pharmaceutical workforce. Evidence examining multiple domains of gender-related perceptions within the pharmaceutical sector remains limited. This study aimed to assess gender-related perceptions across distinct stereotype domains and to examine their associations with pharmacists' sociodemographic and professional characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 279 pharmacists. Participants rated agreement with statements reflecting gender-related perceptions. Composite scores were calculated for three domains: stereotypes of women's capabilities, gendered perceptions in career advancement, and recognition of women leaders, with higher scores indicating more negative perceptions or lower recognition. RESULTS: Participants (62.7% women) mostly rejected negative stereotypes about women's capabilities (63.8-77.4% disagreement across items). Men reported significantly higher stereotype scores than women (p = 0.004), and graduates of public universities showed higher stereotype and career advancement scores than private university graduates (p < 0.05). Lower recognition of women leaders was observed among older participants (p = 0.019), married or divorced respondents (p = 0.026), those with higher perceived economic status (p = 0.001), pharmacists working in the pharmaceutical field (p = 0.043), and participants with ≥ 6 years of practice (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: While explicit gender stereotypes appear to be declining within the pharmaceutical sector, implicit biases related to career advancement and leadership recognition persist and vary across demographic, educational, and professional contexts. Addressing these disparities requires targeted educational, organizational, and policy interventions to promote equitable recognition and advancement of women. Pharmacy curricula and professional development programs should incorporate training on implicit bias, gender equity, and inclusive leadership to foster equitable workplace cultures.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Developing a Gender Equity, Diversity, and Inclusivity (GEDI)-responsive curriculum framework for Philippine higher education: a qualitative case study of faculty perspectives Open PDF 
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2026-01-07)
    Castulo, Nilo Jayoma
    ;
    De Vera, Jayson Luciano
    ;
    Buenaventura, Ma. Laarni
    ;
    Sebial, Starr Clyde Lumanta
    ;
    Aquino, John Michael Del Rosario
    Introduction Gender Equity, Diversity, and Inclusivity (GEDI) have become essential components of higher education reform; however, their integration into Philippine higher education curricula remains inconsistent. Thus, this study explored GEDI faculty members’ perspectives on integrating GEDI concepts into higher education. It proposes a responsive curriculum framework aligned with national mandates and global sustainable development goals. Methodology A descriptive qualitative case study was conducted involving 19 faculty members from various higher education institutions in the Philippines. Data were gathered through online Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and relevant document reviews. Thematic analysis using Atlas.ti 25 guided the coding and interpretation processes, complemented by member checking, reflexivity through the COREQ checklist, and triangulation to strengthen the analytical rigor. Results The findings revealed that faculty members perceived GEDI integration as largely symbolic, with vague mentions in syllabi but insufficient curricular outcomes. Key gaps included (1) uneven implementation across disciplines (stronger in Social Sciences/Education vs. STEM), (2) non-standardized GEDI strategies, (3) faculty resistance and inadequate training, (4) marginalization of underrepresented identities in content, and (5) weak policy enforcement. A four-layer GEDI-Responsive Curriculum Framework ( macro, meso, micro, nano ) was proposed to embed intersectionality, contextual relevance, and accountability across all educational levels. This research bridges policy-practice gaps by aligning with the local and international higher education curriculum and emphasizing intersectionality, localized reforms, and measurable competencies (e.g., empathy, critical gender consciousness). The findings of the study are context-specific to selected Philippine regions, and broader applicability requires further validation. Underrepresented contexts (e.g., Indigenous Peoples and disability-specific programs) were minimally covered. Future research should broaden geographic coverage and pilot systematic feedback systems to evaluate the applicability and sustainability of the framework across diverse higher education contexts.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Barriers to gender equity for female healthcare academicians and researchers in Pakistan: Is it still an issue? Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Malik, M
    ;
    Hussain, A
    ;
    Hashmi, A
    ;
    Saeed, H
    ;
    Azhar, H
    IntroductionGender inequity in healthcare academia is rising. Female healthcare professionals are struggling to balance their work and family leading to reduced productivity and disparity in three main areas of academic evaluation including teaching, service and research. ObjectiveThe objective of the current study was to explore perceptions of healthcare academicians regarding gender equity and its associated barriers in healthcare academia in Pakistan. MethodologyA qualitative study design was used. Study site for this research included medical colleges, pharmacy schools and healthcare educational institutes. Study respondents included healthcare professionals including doctors and pharmacists working as faculty members. Snow ball sampling was used and interviews were conducted till saturation point was achieved. All interviews recorded were transcribed verbatim. Transcribed interviews were then subject to thematic analysis and were analyzed for relevant content. ResultsThematic analysis of the study yielded many themes and sub themes. The main themes include: Gender equity an issue for healthcare academicians; Barriers toward promoting gender equity among healthcare academicians; Perceived teaching effectiveness among female healthcare academicians; Professional relationship of female healthcare academicians; Representation of female healthcare academicians at leadership positions; Research opportunities for female healthcare academicians; impact of academia as profession on married life and Strategies for improving gender equity disparities in academia of healthcare profession. The results showed that almost all the females as well as male healthcare academicians were of the view that female academicians are competent, hardworking and committed with their jobs. Mixed responses were observed regarding teaching effectiveness of female academicians. Half of the females as well male healthcare academicians thought that female were more effective teachers while other half was of the view that teaching effectiveness is based on individual trait irrespective of gender. ConclusionThe results of the present study concluded that majority of the male as well as female healthcare professionals perceived gender equity as an issue in academia in Pakistan, especially in underprivileged areas. Non-conducive work environment, harassment at workplace and cultural issues were the main barriers identified toward gender equity in healthcare academia in Pakistan.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Lee, Mi Jin
    ;
    Kim, ChangHo
    OBJECTIVES: Despite greater access to training positions and the presence of more women in emergency medicine, it has remained a men-dominated field. This study aims to identify the key issues causing the gender gap in Korea and establish measures to overcome them. METHODS: Using the annual statistical reports of the National Emergency Medical Center and data published on the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine website, cases that listed the current status and positions of members in its organization and its committees were analyzed. Secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2015 Korean Society of Emergency Survey that included physicians' demographics, academic ranking, years of experience, clinical work hours, training and board certification, core faculty status, position, and salaries. RESULTS: As of September 2019, women account for only 12.7% of the total number of emergency physicians (EP) in Korea; of 119 chair/ vice-chair academic positions, women represented only 9.2%. Women EP were more often assistant professors and fellowship-trained, with fewer in core faculty. However, they worked the same numbers of clinical hours as their men counterparts. The median annual salary of women EP was less than that of men EP after adjusting for academic hospital rank, clinical hours, and core faculty status. CONCLUSIONS: A gender gap still exists among Korean EP, and women earn less than men regardless of their rank, clinical hours, or training. Future studies should evaluate more data and develop system-wide practices to eliminate gender disparities.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The gender composition of the members of the editorial board of toxicology journals: Assessment of gender equality Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Hancı, Volkan
    ;
    Yakar, Mehmet Nuri
    ;
    Shermatov, Nurgazy
    ;
    Kara, Fevzi
    ;
    İbişoğlu, Emel
    In many areas of medicine, gender equality has not yet been fully adopted despite recent developments. The inequality of gender in various areas of medicine is still debated. In this study, we analysed the gender composition of the editorial boards of toxicology journals in the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) databases and the factors affecting this composition. The genders of the participants were determined by the data obtained from the official websites of the journals in September 2023. We analysed the journal metrics and publisher properties using Mann-Whitney U, Fisher's exact, Chi-square tests and Spearman's correlation coefficient. We used logistic regression analysis to reveal the independent factors related to gender parity. The representation rates of women were 28.62% on all editorial boards and 23.33% in editor-in-chief positions. The 'Neuroscience' (OR, 2.46 95%CI, 1.68-3.60, p < 0.001), 'Reproductive Biology'(OR, 2.05 95%CI, 1.22-3.42, p = 0.006) and 'Public, Environmental & Occupational Health'(OR, 1.49 95%CI, 1.18-1.88, p = 0.001) as a coverage category, the United States as a journal country (OR, 1.21, 95%CI, 1.04-1.40, p = 0.001), 5-year-IF≥3.6(OR, 1.54, 95%CI, 1.27-1.86, p < 0.001), 5-year H index≥29 (OR, 1.23, 95%CI, 1.01-1.49, p = 0.037) were the independent factors for gender parity. However, 'Oncology' (OR, 0.08 95%CI, 0.01-0.55, p = 0.011), 'Biochemistry, Molecular Biology' (OR, 0.62 95%CI, 0.44-0.86, p = 0.005) and 'Pharmacology & Pharmacy' (OR, 0.69 95%CI, 0.59-0.82, p < 0.001) as a coverage category, Japan as a publisher country (OR, 0.52 95%CI, 0.35-0.77, p = 0.001), and Switzerland as a journal country (OR, 0.61, 95%CI, 0.46-0.81, p = 0.001) were related to gender disparity. Greater endeavours are needed to reduce gender discrimination in toxicology. Toxicology authorities should continuously improve existing policies by optimising the analysis of objective information to eliminate barriers for toxicologists in terms of gender equality.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Trend of female first authorship in Journal of Orthopaedic Science, the official journal of the Japanese orthopaedic association from 2001 to 2021: An observational study Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Saka, N.
    ;
    Chiang, C.-M.
    ;
    Ogawa, T.
    ;
    Pendleton, A.A.
    ;
    Tsuihiji, K.
    Background: Women are underrepresented in orthopaedic surgery, especially in Japan. Authorship is associated with representation and career advancement, but the academic representation of women in Japanese orthopaedic surgery has not been elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate the proportion of female first authorship and its associating factors, as well as trends in the Journal of Orthopaedic Science (JOS), the official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Methods: The study reviewed original articles published in JOS from 2002 to 2021 using data from PubMed on March 16, 2022. The gender of the first and last authors was determined using genderize. io, an online gender detection tool and manual search. The study used multivariable logistic regression to identify the factors associated with female first authorship and visualized the trend of predicted probability using restricted cubic spline curve. Results: Among 2272 original articles, 148 (6.5%) and 79 (3.5%) had female first and last authors, respectively. Compared with 2002–2006, female first authorship significantly increased in 2012–2016 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–4.05; p = 0.03) and 2017–2021 (aOR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.46–5.276; p = 0.002). Affiliation with an institution in Japan (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35–0.74; p < 0.001) and affiliation in orthopaedics (aOR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.11–0.23; p < 0.001) were negatively associated with female first authorship. Around 2020, the trend showed a gradual then rapid increase in women with non-orthopaedic affiliations. Only a very small increase was observed in women with an orthopaedic affiliation. Conclusions: Female first authorship in JOS has been increasing. However, the proportion of female authors remains low. Authors outside of Japan and not affiliated with orthopaedics largely affect female authorship statistics. The results indicate the persistent gender gap in the academic representation of women in Japanese orthopaedic publications. © 2023 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association