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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender composition of editorial boards in Pakistani Medline-indexed journals: a disaggregated analysis Open PDF 
    (Pakistan Medical Association, 2026-06-25)
    Editorial boards determine the direction and scope of journals. The objective of this study was to assess the gender composition of the editorial boards of four Pakistani Medline-indexed journals using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Gender composition of the editorial boards of four Pakistani Medline-indexed journals was assessed using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The publicly available official editorial board pages were accessed and analysed for: Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA), Journal of Ayub Medical College (JAMC), Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (JCPSP), and Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PJPS). Cumulatively, 163 individuals comprised the editorial boards in these journals, out of which 112 (68.7%) were males. JPMA had the largest editorial team with 59 individuals, and JCPSP had the smallest team with 25 individuals. The most and least gender-diverse editorial teams were reported by JPMA and JAMC, with 22 (37.3%) and 6 (20.7%) women, respectively. Results augur the need for gender-sensitive training programmes to promote gender balance in the editorial boards of the country's medical journals.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The Status of Women in Academic Medicine, and Particularly in Neurosurgery, in a Developing Country, Türkiye Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
    Aslan, Ayfer
    ;
    Bulduk, Erkut B.
    OBJECTIVE: Women have always faced inequality in academic medical careers in Türkiye as well as the rest of the world. However, to date, no definitive data has been published regarding the representation rate of women in academic medicine in Türkiye. The aim of this study is to reveal the status of women in faculty and leadership positions in academic medicine in Türkiye. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted through websites of the Council of Higher Education (YOK) in Türkiye and medical faculties accredited by YOK as of October 2025. RESULTS: There were 132 medical schools in Türkiye. Women constituted 41% of all faculty members, 37% of professors, 42% of associate professors, 44% of assistant professors, 57% of lecturers, and 50% of residents in medical faculties in Türkiye. Among leadership positions, there were 26 (21%) women deans, and 98 (46%) women vice deans. Women comprised 35% of the faculty administrative committees and 35% of faculty boards. 25% of chairpersons of medical sciences divisions, and 35% of department heads were women. Regarding women in Neurosurgery, only 6% (n=25) of faculty and 5% (n=5) of department heads in neurosurgery were women. Among neurosurgery faculty, women comprised only 2% (n=3) of full professors, 6% (n=5) of associate professors, 9% (n=14) of assistant professors, and 27% (n=3) of lecturers. There were 45 (28%) female residents in neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Gender equity has not yet been achieved in academic medicine in Türkiye. More effective policies promoting gender equality should be implemented by the authorities.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Disparities Among Craniofacial Surgeons Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Lala, Brittany M.
    ;
    Salvador, Trina M.
    ;
    Wang, Fei
    ;
    Shah, Jinesh
    ;
    Ricci, Joseph A.
    To delineate career differences between genders of practicing plastic surgeons who have completed craniofacial fellowship given the known disparities in surgeons' professional and personal lives and an already lengthy residency training, there is concern that less women may commit to further fellowship training. Craniofacial fellowship programs were contacted to identify graduates and an internet search was attempted where information was not available. Surgeon profiles and literature databases were used to obtain practice demographics and publications. Accredited fellowships were identified through the American Society of Craniofacial Surgeons directory. Program responses along with internet searches identified 201 graduates from 26 programs, of which 132 (66%) were men and 69 (34%) were women. On average, male graduates had 7.1 years in practice versus 6.6 years for females graduates (P = .176). There were significant differences between average number of publications (24.7 publications for males vs 14.1 for females, P = .009) and academic practice (46% males vs 64% females, P = .018). A similar percentage of males and females held leadership positions (13% males vs 16%, P = .552). Despite similar years in practice, men had significantly higher publications while women were significantly more likely to practice in an academic setting. Females are increasing their representation in academia and leadership within the craniofacial community. However, efforts must still be directed at increasing exposure to craniofacial surgery and supporting research and leadership pursuits earlier on during their careers.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women authors of surgical research Open PDF 
    (2005)
    Kurichi, Jibby E.
    ;
    Kelz, Rachel R.
    ;
    Sonnad, Seema S.
    HYPOTHESIS: The number of women authors in the surgical literature has increased during the past 20 years. DESIGN: Randomly selected issues of odd-year journals in Archives of Surgery and Annals of Surgery from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 2003, were reviewed. We determined the gender of each author and reported trends in the occurrence of women authors over time. RESULTS: The percentage of women authors has increased over time and parallels the percentage of women faculty in academic surgery positions. A much higher percentage of women authors than men authors are nonphysicians. The trend for increased authorship by women over time was significant in Archives of Surgery. CONCLUSION: Although the number of women first authors is low, their contributions to the field of surgery should be acknowledged, and efforts to provide women with the resources and opportunities to conduct research and publish their findings should be a focus for surgical departments looking to increase their research productivity.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Social Perception and Academic Trends on Women in the Field of Neurosurgery: A Bibliometric Analysis Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Carpenter, K.
    ;
    Scullen, T.
    ;
    Mathkour, M.
    ;
    Dumont, A.S.
    ;
    Biro, E.
    Background: The ongoing trend of societal evolution in contemporary civilization has allowed increased inclusion of heterogenous identity groups into fields, such as neurosurgery, where certain groups have traditionally been underrepresented. In regard to the field of neurosurgery, the increasing recognition of the disparities faced by women is illustrated by a growing body of academic literature. Methods: We conducted a bibliometric analysis querying the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases for articles on women in neurosurgery using the MeSH terms “woman,” “women,” “gender,” neurosurgery,” neurological surgery,” and “neurosurgeon.” Articles were excluded if they did not concern societal impact of nonmale population in the context of neurosurgery. Total citations, mean citations per year, publishing journal information, and author demographics were abstracted from included reports. Associations between abstracted continuous variables were evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Derived P values < 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: A total of 49 articles were included. Total numbers of citations per report were positively associated with mean citations per year (r = 0.7289, P = 0.0253), the latter of which was slightly negatively associated with the age of the report (r = −0.0413, P = 0.0009). Age of publication year was found to be negatively correlated with the number of reports published per year (r = −0.648, P = 0.0066). Total citations per reports were significantly correlated with increased numbers of citations during the last completed calendar year (2019: r = 0.8956, P = 0.0397). Conclusions: Recognition in societal evolutionary trends as evidenced by academic activity has shown increased focus on the explicit and intrinsic biases faced by women in neurosurgery. Recent years have seen significant increases in published reports concerning the subject, as well as rising academic impact per a given report. This phenomenon is speculated to continue, and understanding to broaden as societal perception continues to develop. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Disparity Among Surgical Peer-Reviewed Literature Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Bernardi, Karla
    ;
    Lyons, Nicole B.
    ;
    Huang, Lillian
    ;
    Holihan, Julie L.
    ;
    Olavarria, Oscar A.
    BACKGROUND: Women remain under-represented in academic surgery despite increasing percentages of female surgeons and surgery residents. Publications and leadership positions are used for hiring and promoting academic surgeons. We sought to determine the disparity of female authorship when compared with male authors in surgical peer-reviewed publications. METHODS: PubMed was searched for surgical publications from the United States. Obstetrics and gynecology was selected as a control specialty owing to its history of high female representation. Thirteen other surgical specialties were randomly selected from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education specialty list. Manuscripts from four time periods, 2000-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015, and 2016-2017, were randomly selected, and the gender of the first and last authors was determined. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and Association of American Medical Colleges databases were used to determine women representation in surgery. Trends were assessed using the Cochran-Armitage test. RESULTS: In total, 560 manuscripts in 14 specialties were reviewed. In the control specialty, 51% of first authors were female compared with 18% of those in study specialties, and 39% of last authors were female compared with 11% of those in study specialties. No difference was found when comparing the gender of first (P-value = 0.393) and/or last authors (P-value = 0.281) with the proportion of female residents and attendings. CONCLUSIONS: Women surgeons publish research at a rate proportional to the number of females involved in that specialty. Disparities in leadership roles are unlikely explained by differences in publications. Instead, disparities are likely due to other reasons such as failure to attract women to academic surgery and failure to promote and mentor women surgeons into leadership positions.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women in Neurosurgery: Gender Differences in Authorship in High-Impact Neurosurgery Journals through the Last Two Decades Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Aslan, Ayfer
    ;
    Kuzucu, Pelin
    ;
    Karaaslan, Burak
    ;
    Börcek, Alp Özgün
    OBJECTIVE: Despite common gender disparities in authorship across the vast majority of specialties, the presence of a similar lack of equality in neurosurgery literature is not published yet. Therefore the authors examined the changes in representation of women among the first and senior (last) authors of original articles in high-impact neurosurgical journals between 2003 and 2018. METHODS: Data regarding women proportions among the first and senior authors were collected from the issues of Neurosurgery and Journal of Neurosurgery published in 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018. RESULTS: According to the analysis of 3247 original articles, compared with male authors, female authors have published fewer articles as the first (518 of women, 2729 of men) and senior authors (352 of women, 2884 of men). Nonetheless, the proportion of women in the first authorship represented a significant increase from 2003 to 2018 (from 12% to 16.5%, respectively; P < 0.01), but not in senior authorship (11.7% in 2003 vs. 10.5% in 2018; P > 0.05). Overall, women wrote more research articles than case reports as both first and senior authors (451 and 301 vs. 67 and 51, respectively). In addition, women demonstrated a higher percentage of first authors on female senior author articles (30.4%) than male senior author articles (14.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Although a rising trend in female authorship of neurosurgical literature has been going on through the last 2 decades, this advancement could not be regarded as satisfactory, as the gender gap in authorship is still excessive. Strikingly, female first authors had a tendency of coauthoring with female senior authors.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The role of gender in academic productivity, impact, and leadership among academic spine surgeons Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Agaronnik, Nicole
    ;
    Xiong, Grace X.
    ;
    Uzosike, Akachimere
    ;
    Crawford, Alexander M.
    ;
    Lightsey, Harry M.
    BACKGROUND/CONTEXT: Women represent a small minority of practicing orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons, with spine surgery having a disproportionately low representation relative to other subspecialties. Previous efforts have attempted to characterize gender patterns in authorship amongst select spine journals. However, no study to our knowledge has done a comprehensive assessment of the influence of gender on academic productivity, impact, and leadership amongst academic spine faculty. PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of gender on academic productivity, promotion to leadership positions, and career advancement among academic spine faculty in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Academic spine faculty associated with orthopedic residency, North American Spine Society spine fellowship programs, and American Association of Neurological Surgeons spine fellowship programs. OUTCOME MEASURES: Academic productivity as measured by publications counts, h-index, authorship ranking as well as academic rank and leadership roles METHODS: We identified all spine faculty across orthopedic residency, orthopedic spine fellowship, and neurosurgical spine fellowship programs in the United States, and abstracted academic performance characteristics, cumulative h-index, and complete publication records for each individual faculty member. Proportions of men and women by specialty, academic rank, and leadership were compared with Fisher's exact testing, and comparison of mean h-index and publication counts compared with Wilcoxon rank-sum testing. Adjusted analyses on publication count and h-index were achieved with poisson regression analysis with gender as the primary predictor adjusting for specialty, degrees, academic rank, and seniority based on time since fellowship completion. RESULTS: The representation of women among spine faculty associated with orthopedic residency and North American Spine Society spine fellowship programs was 5.6%. On average, women had 40% fewer total publications (p=.025), h-indices approximately 5 units lower than men (p=.006), 40% fewer total high-impact publications (p=.030), half the senior author publications (p=.005), and half the high-impact senior author publications (p=.007) compared to men. After adjusting for seniority and academic rank, the number of publications in high impact journals no longer differed between men and women, although differences persisted for total publication count and the h-index. Men were significantly more likely to occupy higher academic ranks, with 25.6% of men and 9.5% of women holding the rank of full professor (p=.031), although there was no significant difference in the rate of appointment to leadership positions. Similar findings were encountered among American Association of Neurological Surgeons spine fellowship faculty. CONCLUSIONS: The present study details the low rate of women in academic spine surgery. Furthermore, gender disparities exist in publication volume, impact, and h-indices. A much lower proportion of women hold higher-ranking academic positions compared to men, though appointment to leadership positions was similar between genders. Differences in seniority and publication metrics may in part be due to the relatively younger cohort of women faculty. These findings underscore the need for active investment in diversity and pipeline efforts that facilitate recruitment and support academic productivity of women in spine surgery.