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  • Item type:Publication,
    Exploring gender disparities in academic orthopaedic surgery faculty: analyzing subspecialty and leadership diversity to foster inclusivity Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-11)
    Anand, Malini
    ;
    Julian, Kaitlyn R.
    ;
    Mulcahey, Mary K.
    ;
    Wong, Stephanie E.
    Background The historic gap in gender diversity within orthopaedic surgery is widely acknowledged and continues to persist. The lack of female representation in orthopaedic surgery has been attributed to a variety of factors, including the absence of female mentors and leaders within the field. As such, we sought to examine the gender diversity among orthopaedic surgery faculty in various subspecialties at academic institutions and the distribution of female faculty in positions of leadership. Methods The American Medical Association Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) was used to identify all allopathic orthopaedic surgery residency programs during the 2022 to 2023 academic year. The total number of faculty, and distribution of female faculty by subspecialty were collected from January to March 2023. The mean and percentage of female faculty in each subspecialty per program was calculated. Results The total number of orthopaedic surgery female faculty identified was 524. The subspecialty with the highest percentage of female faculty per program was pediatrics at 26.1% (148/511). Hand (18.6%; 113/511), oncology (19.2%; 38/511), foot and ankle (13.6%; 49/511), spine (3.9%; 21/511), shoulder and elbow (7.4%; 7/511) and adult reconstruction (3.7%; 24/511) had lower percentages of female faculty per program. A total of 52 (10.2%) female section chiefs were identified across all programs. Oncology had the highest percentage of female faculty represented in section leadership at 18.4% (7) and sports medicine had the lowest at 4.8% (4). Conclusion Gender diversity of faculty in orthopaedic surgery is low with adult reconstruction (3.7%), spine (3.9%), and shoulder and elbow (7.4%) having the lowest percentages of female faculty. The percentage of female faculty represented in section leadership is also lacking with a total of 52 (10.2%) female section chiefs identified across all programs. Increasing the number of females in leadership positions across all orthopaedic subspecialties may be one step in helping improve gender diversity in the field.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Engaging and Empowering Future Female Surgeons: Development of the Medical Student Section of the Society of Women in Urology Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-10)
    Booher, Allison G.
    ;
    Vereecken, Sasha J.
    ;
    Kim, Erin
    ;
    Penmatcha, Neharika
    ;
    Aponte, Alexandra
    OBJECTIVE: To describe a replicable model for a large-scale, cross-institutional, and student-driven initiative to promote gender equity within surgical fields. METHODS: To address the lack of a national infrastructure to support female medical students pursuing careers in Urology, a historically male-dominated specialty, the society of women in urology (SWIU) established its medical student section, called SWIUdents, as a student-led initiative to offer mentorship, education, and networking resources for future female urologists. In 2022, SWIUdents convened its first medical student leadership board, comprised of two co-chairs and four subcommittees focused on membership, program implementation, mentorship, and community relations. SWIUdents membership was open to medical students of all gender identities, and recruitment for the organization took place via official SWIU communications, social media, and word of mouth. RESULTS: As of April 2025, there are 319 SWIUdents members, 195 of which are current medical students, representing all regional sections of the American Urological Association (AUA), as well as international medical students. In the 2024 to 2025 academic year, SWIUdents paired 87 medical students with resident or faculty members in Urology. SWIUdents also maintains an active social media presence and offers a broad array of programming, with robust attendance at monthly webinars and journal clubs. CONCLUSIONS: This paper outlines the development and infrastructure of SWIUdents, a national, student-driven model which may be replicated by other specialty organizations aiming to engage and empower women and other groups underrepresented within their respective field.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Equity in Access to Arthroplasty from a Gender Perspective: A Narrative Review Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-06-04)
    Patel, Neha
    ;
    McDougall, Catherine
    ;
    Arif, Azeta
    Objective Despite growing gender diversity in medical education, orthopaedic surgery—particularly arthroplasty—remains one of the most male-dominated subspecialties. This review critically evaluates the barriers limiting female surgeons' access to arthroplasty, including disparities in training, mentorship, professional advancement, and leadership roles. In addition it explores the implications of gender disparities on workforce diversity, patient care outcomes, and surgical innovation while identifying strategies to enhance gender equity in the field. Introduction Women remain significantly underrepresented in arthroplasty, comprising a lower percentage of trainees, faculty, and senior consultants as compared to other surgical specialties. Systemic barriers such as implicit bias, limited mentorship, work-life balance challenges, and inequitable leadership opportunities contribute to this underrepresentation. These disparities influence career trajectories, limiting diversity in surgical perspectives and innovation. Addressing these issues is critical to achieving an equitable and inclusive workforce. Methodology A structured narrative review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, and orthopaedic society publications. The Data were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and institutional databases, focusing on gender representation in orthopaedic surgery, mentorship initiatives, workforce statistics, and leadership opportunities in arthroplasty. Comparative analysis was performed across subspecialties and institutions, and recommendations from diversity and inclusion initiatives were evaluated to highlight successful interventions. Conclusion Achieving gender equity in arthroplasty requires systemic changes, including structured mentorship programs, leadership development workshops, and institutional commitments to diversity. Addressing implicit biases, promoting flexible training pathways, and fostering sponsorship programs for female surgeons are essential. A diverse workforce in arthroplasty will not only promote professional equity but also improve patient care and surgical innovation.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Authorship Trends and Gender Concordance in Surgical Research
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-08)
    Smith, Brandon T.
    ;
    Villela-Castrejon, Javier
    ;
    Rodriguez, Larissa
    ;
    Kalva, Prathik
    ;
    Beal, Taylor
    INTRODUCTION: Building inclusive and diverse research teams is increasingly important in the era of team science. We explored authorship trends over the last 3 decades to assess progress in academic surgery. METHODS: Two general surgical journals (Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery and Annals of Surgery) and two nonsurgical multidisciplinary scientific journals (Nature and Science) were queried at 10-y intervals from 1991 to 2021. Data collected included total number of authors per article, instances of shared authorship, authors' gender, geographic location of the authors, and number of references per article. RESULTS: A total of 741 journal articles were examined. Over the last 3 decades, the number of women authors has nearly doubled in surgical journals and tripled in nonsurgical journals. The proportion of women authors per article, women first authors, and women senior authors all increased significantly, though women remain only 26% of all authors. Intriguingly, articles with a woman senior author had a significantly greater proportion of women coauthors than articles with a man senior author (55 ± 4% versus 12 ± 6%; P < 0.05) across all 3 decades in all journals. In 2021, only 10% of articles with a man senior author had an equal or greater proportion of women coauthors. CONCLUSIONS: Though there are now more women authors, we describe a pattern of gender concordance where women senior authors may publish with other women more than men senior authors. Our findings highlight both the progress made and potential for growth in achieving gender equity in academic surgery.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Analysis of Authorship in Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgery: Women Remain Underrepresented Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Farooq, Ayesha
    ;
    Sahara, Kota
    ;
    Muneeb, Aeman
    ;
    Farooq, Khadija
    ;
    Tsilimigras, Diamantis I.
    INTRODUCTION: Given the need to increase female representation in hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery, as well as the need to increase the academic pipeline of women in this subspecialty, we sought to characterize the prevalence of female authorship in the HPB literature. In particular, the objective of the current study was to determine the proportion of women who published HPB research articles as first, second, or last author over the last decade. METHODS: All articles pertaining to hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery appearing in seven surgical journals (Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery, JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgical Oncology, HPB (Oxford), Surgery, and Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery) were reviewed for the years 2008 and 2018. Information on sex of author, country of author's institution, and article type was collected and entered into a computerized database. RESULTS: Among the 1473 index articles included in the final analytic cohort, 414 (28%) publications had a woman as the first or last author, while the vast majority (n = 1,059, 72%) had a man as the first or last author. The number of female first authors increased from 15.6% (n = 92/591) in 2008 to 25.7% (n = 227/882) in 2018 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the proportion of second (n = 123/536, 23.0% vs n = 214/869, 24.6%, p = 0.47) or last (n = 44/564, 7.8% vs n = 88/875, 10.1%, p = 0.15) authors. Women were more likely to publish papers appearing in medium-impact journals (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04-1.88) and articles with a female author were more likely to be from a North American institution (referent: North America, Asia OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.31-0.59 vs Europe OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.87). CONCLUSION: Women first/last authors in HPB research articles have increased over the past 10 years from 22 to 32%. Women as last authors remain low, however, as only 1 in 10 papers had a senior woman author. These data should prompt HPB leaders to find solutions to the gap in female authorship including mentorship of young female researchers and surgeons.