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  • Item type:Publication,
    A Cross‑Sectional Analysis of Speaker Representation: Intentionality meets Intersectionality in Academic Global Surgery Open PDF 
    (Ubiquity Press, Ltd., 2025)
    Feres, Brenda
    ;
    Basu, Eilene
    ;
    Jose, Anna Mary
    ;
    Khan, Rabbey Raza
    ;
    Kebede, Abeba Aleka
    Introduction: Despite increased advocacy, women and professionals from low‑ and middle‑income countries (LMICs) remain underrepresented in global surgery. To address this, the Gender Equity Initiative in Global Surgery (GEIGS) launched an annual General Assembly (GA). This study evaluates trends in academic representation and leadership at the GA, emphasizing pathways to equitable mentorship, academic voice, and faculty development. Methods: A retrospective cross‑sectional analysis of GEIGS GA speakers from 2020 to 2025 was performed. Data from conference records and public sources included gender, country of practice, degree(s), leadership role, citation count, prior speaking experience, and topic area. Linear regression assessed trends in gender representation. Results: A total of 104 speakers were identified. Women comprised 83.7% (n = 87; p < 0.001). Leadership positions were held by 64.4% (n = 67). The most common degrees were MD (62.5%) and PhD (16.4%); 15.4% (n = 16) were medical students. Of the speakers, 60.6% (n = 63) practiced in high‑income countries (HICs) and 39.4% (n = 41) in LMICs. Representation by women was consistent across regions: 84.1% in HICs and 82.9% in LMICs. Among LMIC speakers, 65.9% held leadership roles, 34.2% multiple degrees, and 68.3% prior speaking experience. No significant differences in academic qualifications were observed between HIC and LMIC speakers (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The GEIGS GA demonstrates that intentional, equity‑focused planning can achieve high female participation and meaningful inclusion of LMIC professionals. These findings provide a practical framework for promoting equitable representation in global surgery conferences. Continued attention to supporting LMIC voices in leadership and academia may help sustain progress.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Distribution of First and Senior Authorship Across Most Cited Studies Within the Top Ten Surgical Journals From 2015-2020: Cementing Women Academic Surgery Representation Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Sauder, M.
    ;
    Newsome, K.
    ;
    Zagales, I.
    ;
    Autrey, C.
    ;
    Das, S.
    Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the gender distribution of first and senior authors in the most highly cited original research studies published in the top 10 surgical journals from 2015 to 2020 to identify disparities and changes over time. Methods: A retrospective study analyzing the gender distribution of first and senior authors in the top 10 most cited studies from the top 10 surgical journals from 2015 to 2020. The genders of the first and senior authors of each study were assessed using National Provider Identifier (NPI) numbers or pronouns from institutional biographies or news articles. Results: The genders of 1200 first and senior authors from 600 original research studies were assessed. First author gender distribution consisted of 71.8% men, 22.3% women, 0% non-binary, and 5.8% unknown. Senior author gender distribution was 82.3% men, 14.3% women, 0% non-binary, and 3.3% unknown. Studies published by first authors who are women received more citations than those published by first authors that are men in 2015 (169.1 versus 112.9, P = 0.002) and 2016 (144.2 versus 101.5, P = 0.011). There was an increase in first authorship among men from 2015 to 2020 (P = 0.035). Conclusions: Men represent a significantly higher proportion of both first and senior authorships in top surgical research and the gap has widened from 2015 to 2020. However, studies written by women first authors received significantly more citations than those written by men. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The persistent publication glass ceiling: an analysis of gender authorship trends in ANZ Journal of Surgery Open PDF 
    (2023)
    Sakowska, M.M.
    ;
    Toffoletti, K.
    Background: women historically have been underrepresented in the field of academic publishing. This study aims to analyse ANZJS gender authorship trends and compare this to the proportion of women in surgery in Australia/NZ using RACS demographic data to provide parity context. Methods: This is a bibliographic gender analysis of ANZJS publications from 2002 to 2021; articles were analysed using a web-based application classifying gender from names. Results: There were 7265 articles analysed. Gender was predicted for 87% (6303/7265) first-, 89% (5847/6439) last- and 98% (323/329) editorial first-authors. There were 1269/6303 (20%) women first-authors, this increased from 14% to 27% (p = 0.001) over time. Eleven percent (654/5847) of last-authors were women, this proportion remained unchanged (p = 0.09). Eleven (3%) editorials were first-authored by women, with 3/329 (1%) as solo-author. Conclusion: Numbers of women authors remain low in ANZJS, although the percentage of women first-authors has increased over time. However, if being last-author serves as a measure of senior academic supervision, and, editorial authorship shows leadership in one's field, women authors in these positions, in ANZJS, represent a small minority. © 2022 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Uncovering gaps in women's authorship: A big data analysis in academic surgery Open PDF 
    (2024)
    Freire, C.V.S.
    ;
    Campos, L.N.
    ;
    Rangel, A.G.
    ;
    Naus, A.
    ;
    Wagemaker, S.
    Introduction: Women are underrepresented in surgical authorship. Using big data analyses, we aimed to investigate women's representation as first and last authors in surgical publications worldwide and identify underlying predictors. Methods: We retrieved eligible surgical journals using Scimago Journal & Country Rank 2021. We queried articles indexed in PubMed from selected journals published between January 2018 and April 2022. We used the EDirect tool to extract bibliometric data, including first and last authors' names, primary affiliation country, and publication year. Countries and dependent territories were classified following World Bank income levels and regions. Women's representation was predicted from forenames using the Gender-API software. Citations were included if gender accuracy was ≥80%. Results: We analyzed 210,853 citations containing both first and last authors' forenames, representing 158 countries and 14 territories. Women constituted 23.8% (50,161/210,853) of the first and 14.7% (31,069/210,853) of the last authors. High-income economies had more women as first authors than other income categories (p < 0.001), but fewer women as last authors than upper-middle- and lower-middle-income economies (p < 0.001). The odds of the first author being a woman were more than three times higher when the last author was also a woman (OR 3.21, 95% CI 3.13–3.30) and vice versa (OR 3.25, 95% CI 3.16–3.34) after adjusting for income level and publication year. Conclusions: Women remain globally underrepresented in surgical authorship. Our findings urge concerted global efforts to overcome identified disparities. © 2024 International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirurgie (ISS/SIC).
  • Item type:Publication,
    Analysis of authorship trends in vascular surgery demonstrates a sticky surgical floor for women Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Buda, Alexandra M.
    ;
    Pendleton, Anna Alaska
    ;
    El-Gabri, Deena
    ;
    Miranda, Elizabeth
    ;
    Bowder, Alexis N.
    OBJECTIVE: Prior research in vascular surgery has identified significant gender disparities in leadership positions, but few data exist regarding gender disparities in vascular publications. This study aims to evaluate authorship trends by gender in the three highest impact factor vascular surgery journals. METHODS: In this bibliometric analysis, PubMed was searched for articles published in the European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, the Journal of Vascular Surgery, and Annals of Vascular Surgery from 2015 to 2019. The web-based application Genderize used predictive algorithms to classify names of first and last authors as male or female. Statistical analyses regarding trends in authorship were performed using Stata16. RESULTS: A total of 6457 articles were analyzed, with first author gender predicted with >90% confidence in 83% (4889/5796) and last author gender in 88% (5078/5796). Overall, 25% (1223/4889) of articles had women first authors, and 10% (501/5078) had women last authors. From 2015 to 2019, there was a slight increase in the proportion of articles written by women first authors (P = .001), but no increase in the proportion of articles written by women last authors (P = .204). The proportion of articles written by women last authors was lower than the proportion of active women vascular surgeons in 2015 (8% of articles vs 11% of surgeons; P = .015), 2017 (9% of articles vs 13% of surgeons; P < .001), and 2019 (11% of articles vs 15% of practicing surgeons; P < .001). The average number of last-author publications was higher for men (2.35 ± 3.76) than for women (1.62 ± 1.88, P = .001). The proportion of unique authors who were women was less than the proportion of active women vascular surgeons in 2017 (10% unique authors vs 13% surgeons; P = .047), but not in 2015 (9% unique authors vs 11% surgeons; P = .192) or 2019 (13% unique authors vs 15% surgeons; P = .345). Notably, a woman last author was associated with 1.45 higher odds of having a woman first author (95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.79; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Over the past 5 years, there has been no significant increase in women last authors among top-tier journals in vascular surgery. Women remain under-represented as last authors in terms of proportion of published articles, but not in terms of proportion of unique authors. Nevertheless, women last authors are more likely to publish with women first authors, indicating the importance of women-led mentorship in achieving publication gender equity. Support for women surgeons through grants and promotions is essential not only for advancing last authorship gender equity, but for advancing junior faculty and trainee academic careers.