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  • Item type:Publication,
    Bridging the gender gap in surgical oncology: Insights from the ESSO membership survey on diversity, equity, and inclusion Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-03)
    Orme, S.E.
    ;
    SantraČ, N.
    ;
    Lorenzon, L.
    ;
    Rubio, I.T.
    ;
    Schrage, Y.M.
    Abstract Introduction: Despite increasing numbers of women entering medicine, they remain underrepresented in surgical specialties, particularly in leadership and academic roles. This study explored gender differences in perceptions of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) among members of the European Society of Surgical Oncology (ESSO) and identified areas where DEI policies may better support female surgeons. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional electronic survey was distributed to ESSO members in 2025. Quantitative items assessed demographics and perceptions of DEI within respondents' organisations and ESSO. Gender differences were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U tests and binomial logistic regression adjusted for age and ethnicity. Open-text responses were analysed thematically to identify perceived barriers and priorities for improvement. Results: A total of 279 members responded (37% women). Women were less likely than men to perceive recruitment as unbiased (53% vs 17% disagreed, p < 0.001) or to believe that equal opportunities for advancement exist (43% vs 19% disagreed, p < 0.001). Nearly 40% of women reported their identity had negatively impacted career progression compared with 8% of men (p < 0.001). Women were more likely to prioritise greater representation of women in leadership and faculty roles (OR 8.58, 95% CI 4.73-15.57, p < 0.001), development of work-life balance guidelines (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.44-4.10, p < 0.001), and commitment to gender diversity in leadership and committees (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.02-2.94, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Female surgeons continue to face inequities in surgical oncology. ESSO and similar societies have a critical role in promoting transparent recruitment, inclusive leadership, and equitable professional development to advance gender equity and excellence in cancer care.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women in surgical academic Careers: What is needed to get there? Open PDF 
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
    Bosman, A.
    ;
    Schreurs, W.H.
    ;
    Smidt, M.L.
    Despite comprising the majority of medical students, women remain significantly underrepresented in senior academic surgical positions. In the Netherlands, only 15.6 % of surgical professors are female. This article examines cultural and structural barriers, including unequal access to networks, underrepresentation on editorial boards, academic “housework,” implicit bias, and unequal caregiving responsibilities, that hinder women's advancement in academic surgery. Targeted interventions such as mentorships, flexible work policies, salary transparency, and gender-conscious recruitment (e.g., Eindhoven University of Technology's preferential hiring strategy) have shown promise in promoting equity without compromising academic output. The “critical mass” threshold of 28 % female representation emerges as a tipping point for cultural change. Achieving gender equity in academic surgery requires both systemic reform and cultural transformation to ensure equal opportunity, career sustainability, and inclusive institutional environments.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender disparities in authorship in European cardio-thoracic journals Open PDF 
    (Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025-06-19)
    Galeone, Antonella
    ;
    Cleuziou, Julie
    ;
    Perrone, Fabiola
    ;
    Maffei, Irene
    ;
    Fiorinelli, Giorgia
    OBJECTIVES The goal was to evaluate gender authorship in 2 cardio-thoracic surgical journals. METHODS We performed a bibliometric analysis of all articles published from 2017 to 2022 in the European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and the Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. For each article, the gender and academic rank of the first, senior and corresponding authors were verified by Internet search, email contact or use of the application Genderize.io. Articles were categorized based on topic, type and country of origin. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate gender authorship trend over time. RESULTS A total of 5243 articles were included in the analysis. Women represented 18% of first authors, 7% of senior authors and 13% of corresponding authors; no trend was seen over time. Women represented 16% of first authors and 7% of senior authors in adult cardiac surgery, 23% of first authors and 9% of senior authors in congenital cardiac surgery and 19% of first authors and 8% of senior authors in thoracic surgery. Male first authors were more frequently full professors (17% vs 5%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%), and male senior authors were more frequently full professors (48% vs 31%) and associate professors (16% vs 8%) compared to female senior authors. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of female authors is significantly lower than that of male authors in highest-impact European cardio-thoracic surgery journals, and no significant increase in female authorship has been demonstrated in recent years. Increasing awareness of gender disparities is essential to facilitate equal career opportunities and academic advancement for women in cardio-thoracic surgery.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender Disparities in Presentations at the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) Meetings From 2014 to 2019 Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Lyu, Heather G.
    ;
    Lu, Pamela
    ;
    Mahvi, David A.
    ;
    Kuo, Lindsay E. Y.
    ;
    Wong, Sandra L.
    BACKGROUND: Participation in surgical society meetings serves as a proxy for academic success and is important for career development. This study aimed to investigate and report the gender breakdown of presenters at recent Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) meetings. METHODS: Genders of presenters for poster, parallel, plenary, and video sessions at SSO meetings from 2014 through 2019 were collected. These data were broken down to first-last authorship relationships including female-female, female-male, male-female, and male-male. The proportions of female-to-male presenters were compared for each session type. Statistical significance was set at p value lower than 0.05. RESULTS: From 2014 through 2019, the SSO had 2920 presenters, and 47% were female. Women were listed as first authors more often for the poster session (48%) than for other sessions (parallel, plenary, and video) (p = 0.003). Women also were listed more often as senior authors for the poster session (31%) than for other sessions (p = 0.004). Female senior authors were fewer than male senior authors across all session types. Female first authors had the highest representation in breast (75%), endocrine (48%), and cutaneous (46%) specialties (p < 0.001). The most common combination of first and senior authors was male-male (43%), followed by female-male (28%), female-female (19%), and male-female (10%). CONCLUSION: Overall, female presentation at SSO is comparable with society demographics, and female first authorship is relatively equal to male first authorship in poster sessions. Whereas female first authorship improved over time, female senior authorship remained relatively flat. Opportunities to improve gender equality in senior authorship positions should be explored.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Women’s role in neurosurgical research: is the gender gap improving? Open PDF 
    (2021)
    Pastor-Cabeza, M.
    ;
    Torné, R.
    ;
    García-Armengol, R.
    ;
    Menéndez-Osorio, B.
    ;
    Mosteiro-Cadaval, A.
    Objective The percentage of women publishing high-impact neurosurgical research might be perceived as a representation of our specialty and may influence the perpetuation of the existing gender gap. This study investigated whether the trend in women taking lead roles in neurosurgical research has mirrored the increase in female neurosurgeons during the past decade and whether our most prestigious publications portray enough female role models to stimulate gender diversity among the new generation of neurosurgeons. Methods Two of the most prominent neurosurgical journals—Journal of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgery—were selected for this study, and every original article that was published in 2009 and 2019 in each of those journals was investigated according to the gender of the first and senior authors, their academic titles, their affiliations, and their institutions’ region. Results A total of 1328 articles were analyzed. The percentage of female authors was significantly higher in Europe and Russia compared with the US and Canada (first authors: 60/302 [19.9%] vs 109/829 [13.1%], p = 0.005; and senior authors: 32/302 [10.6%] vs 57/829 [6.9%], p = 0.040). Significantly increased female authorship was observed from 2009 to 2019, and overall numbers of both first and senior female authors almost doubled. However, when analyzing by regions, female authorship increased significantly only in the US and Canada. Female authors of neurosurgical research articles were significantly less likely to hold an MD degree compared with men. Female neurosurgeons serving as senior authors were represented in only 3.6% (48/1328) of articles. Women serving as senior authors were more likely to have a female colleague listed as the first author of their research (29/97 [29.9%] vs 155/1231 [12.6%]; χ2 = 22.561, p = 0.001). Conclusions Although this work showed an encouraging increase in the number of women publishing high-impact neurosurgical research, the stagnant trend in Europe may suggest that a glass ceiling has been reached and further advances in equity would require more aggressive measures. The differences in the researchers’ profiles (academic title and affiliation) suggest an even wider gender gap. Cultural unconscious bias may explain why female senior authors have more than double the number of women serving as their junior authors compared with men. While changes in the workforce happen, strategies such as publishing specific issues on women, encouraging female editorials, and working toward more gender-balanced editorial boards may help our journals to portray a more equitable specialty that would not discourage bright female candidates. ©AANS 2021, except where prohibited by US copyright law