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  • Item type:Publication,
    Feminization of the precarious at the UNAM: Examining obstacles to gender equality Open PDF 
    (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-10-29)
    Ciccia, Lu
    ;
    Espinosa-Lugo, Geraldine
    ;
    Garcia-Guzman, Graciela
    ;
    Gasca-Pineda, Jaime
    ;
    Velez, Patricia
    The STEM workforce is marked by the persistent underrepresentation of women. Herein, we seek a better understanding of this gender gap in different science disciplines within Latin America. Specifically, we analyzed a case study: the professional development of women in science research institutes of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). This interdisciplinary work analyzed quantitative and qualitative data through an intersectional philosophical lens, employing specific analytical tools drawn from feminist epistemology. We examined the interplay between horizontal and vertical segregation, symbolic and structural obstacles, and economic labor precariousness within the framework of gender norms. Shared trends in the Global North were analyzed to understand the perpetuation of gender stereotypes in the production of scientific knowledge. Additionally, we examined the relationship between the values embedded in gender norms and the cultural capital--here defined as encompassing both economic status and social legitimacy--associated with each discipline. Our findings indicate that, although women are underrepresented in pSTEM, they experience less vertical segregation than their counterparts in STEM related to the Natural Sciences. This suggests that knowledge areas currently associated with the highest cultural capital (pSTEM) may impose primarily symbolic rather than structural barriers for women. By contrast, in fields characterized by less masculine-coded values, women appear to face predominantly structural obstacles, as evidenced by the vertical segregation observed. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the gender biases that exclude women from STEM disciplines.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Who is publishing journal articles during graduate school? Racial and gender inequalities in biological sciences over time. Open PDF 
    (American Psychological Association (APA), 2022-02)
    Roksa, Josipa
    ;
    Wang, Yapeng
    ;
    Feldon, David
    ;
    Ericson, Matthew
    Despite increased enrolment of women and students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups in doctoral programs, notable inequalities in academic careers persist. We investigate one potential source of these inequalities: publication rates during graduate school. Results, based on a sample of doctoral students in biological sciences across 53 institutions, indicate that both white women and students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (African American and Latinx) have lower publication rates than white men. Notably, these gaps grow over time and are not explained by background factors, socialization experiences, or family obligations. The same patterns persist for first-authored publications for African American and Latinx students, but not white women, suggesting potentially differential mechanisms of exclusion. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2021 National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education
  • Item type:Publication,
    Underrepresentation of women in the senior levels of Brazilian science Open PDF 
    (PeerJ Inc., 2017)
    Valentova, Jaroslava V.
    ;
    Otta, Emma
    ;
    Silva, Maria Luisa
    ;
    McElligott, Alan G.
    Despite significant progress, there is still a gender gap in science all over the world, especially at senior levels. Some progressive countries are recognizing the need to address barriers to gender equality in order to retain their best scientists and innovators, and ensure research excellence and social and economic returns on the investment made by taxpayers each year on training women scientists. We investigated the gender distribution of: (i) the productivity scholarship (PS) holders of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq, N = 13,625), (ii) the members of the Brazilian Academy of Science (Academia Brasileira de Ciências, ABC, N = 899), and (iii) the amount of funding awarded for top quality research (“Universal” Call of CNPq, N = 3,836), between the years of 2013 and 2014. Our findings show evidence for gender imbalances in all the studied indicators of Brazilian science. We found that female scientists were more often represented among PS holders at the lower levels of the research ranking system (2). By contrast, male scientists were more often found at higher levels (1A and 1B) of PS holders, indicating the top scientific achievement, both in “Engineering, Exact Sciences, Earth Sciences”, and “Life Sciences”. This imbalance was not found in Humanities and Social Sciences. Only 14% of the ABC members were women. Humanities and Applied Social Sciences had a relatively low representation of women in the Academy (3.7%) compared to Engineering, Exact and Earth Sciences: 54.9% and Life Sciences: 41.4%. Finally, female scientists obtained significantly more funding at the lower level of the research ranking system (2), whereas male scientists obtained significantly more funding at the higher levels (1A and 1B). Our results show strong evidence of a gender imbalance in Brazilian science. We hope that our findings will be used to stimulate reforms that will result in greater equality in Brazilian science, and elsewhere.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender differences and patenting in Latin America: understanding female participation in commercial science Open PDF 
    (2020)
    Sifontes, D.
    ;
    Morales, R.
    Although female involvement in science and technology has been growing over recent years, it is still low. Latin America is no exception. Even though the Latin American region has achieved significant accomplishments in terms of gender parity, women’s participation in patenting activities remains small compared to that of men. The aim of this study is to explain the rate of female participation in patenting activity. We gather information from 3081 US patents granted to assignees in Latin America. The countries of our sample are Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Cuba, Colombia, México, Panamá, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The study period is from 1976 to 2011. This study reveals that the number of US patent granted with female involvement to the countries in our sample is only 22%. We use a probit model to explain women participation in patenting. Results suggest that external and internal collaboration, the institutional sector of the grantee, and innovations related to the life sciences have an effect on the probability of having female participation in patenting in Latin America. Our findings also show that the fertility rate and the human development of countries impact women participation in patenting in the Latin American region. © 2020, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.