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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender composition of editorial boards in Pakistani Medline-indexed journals: a disaggregated analysis Open PDF 
    (Pakistan Medical Association, 2026-06-25)
    Editorial boards determine the direction and scope of journals. The objective of this study was to assess the gender composition of the editorial boards of four Pakistani Medline-indexed journals using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Gender composition of the editorial boards of four Pakistani Medline-indexed journals was assessed using a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The publicly available official editorial board pages were accessed and analysed for: Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA), Journal of Ayub Medical College (JAMC), Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (JCPSP), and Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PJPS). Cumulatively, 163 individuals comprised the editorial boards in these journals, out of which 112 (68.7%) were males. JPMA had the largest editorial team with 59 individuals, and JCPSP had the smallest team with 25 individuals. The most and least gender-diverse editorial teams were reported by JPMA and JAMC, with 22 (37.3%) and 6 (20.7%) women, respectively. Results augur the need for gender-sensitive training programmes to promote gender balance in the editorial boards of the country's medical journals.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender stereotypes about women in pharmacy leadership: evidence from a cross-sectional study in Lebanon Open PDF 
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-05-20)
    Nassar, Perla
    ;
    Rached, Reine
    ;
    Nassar, Petra
    ;
    Awada, Sanaa
    ;
    Nasrallah, Inaam
    BACKGROUND: Gender-related stereotypes and inequities in career advancement and leadership recognition may persist in the pharmaceutical workforce. Evidence examining multiple domains of gender-related perceptions within the pharmaceutical sector remains limited. This study aimed to assess gender-related perceptions across distinct stereotype domains and to examine their associations with pharmacists' sociodemographic and professional characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 279 pharmacists. Participants rated agreement with statements reflecting gender-related perceptions. Composite scores were calculated for three domains: stereotypes of women's capabilities, gendered perceptions in career advancement, and recognition of women leaders, with higher scores indicating more negative perceptions or lower recognition. RESULTS: Participants (62.7% women) mostly rejected negative stereotypes about women's capabilities (63.8-77.4% disagreement across items). Men reported significantly higher stereotype scores than women (p = 0.004), and graduates of public universities showed higher stereotype and career advancement scores than private university graduates (p < 0.05). Lower recognition of women leaders was observed among older participants (p = 0.019), married or divorced respondents (p = 0.026), those with higher perceived economic status (p = 0.001), pharmacists working in the pharmaceutical field (p = 0.043), and participants with ≥ 6 years of practice (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: While explicit gender stereotypes appear to be declining within the pharmaceutical sector, implicit biases related to career advancement and leadership recognition persist and vary across demographic, educational, and professional contexts. Addressing these disparities requires targeted educational, organizational, and policy interventions to promote equitable recognition and advancement of women. Pharmacy curricula and professional development programs should incorporate training on implicit bias, gender equity, and inclusive leadership to foster equitable workplace cultures.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Teaching, service, and leadership: exploring gender inequities in Saudi pharmacy academia Open PDF 
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2025-12-11)
    Almaghaslah, Dalia
    Background Gender equity remains a global challenge in academic pharmacy, with disparities documented in rank, leadership, and workload distribution. However, limited evidence exists from Middle Eastern contexts where unique structural and cultural factors, such as gender segregation, shape faculty experiences. Objective This study examined gender equity perceptions among faculty at a Saudi college of pharmacy, focusing on workload distribution, access to resources, classroom experiences, and advancement opportunities, and compared findings with national data from the AACP-APhA Gender Equity Task Force. Methods A cross-sectional survey adapted from the AACP-APhA Gender Equity Task Force instrument was administered to pharmacy faculty. The survey measured perceptions of equity across domains including teaching, research, service, student interactions, mentoring, leadership, and promotion. Responses were analyzed using chi-square tests to identify gender differences. Results Significant gender differences were identified across multiple domains. Female faculty reported heavier teaching workloads, less access to research resources, and greater service obligations compared to male colleagues. They also perceived significant disparities in classroom civility ( p = 0.0052), student respect, and teaching evaluations ( p = 0.0451), with students perceived as treating male faculty more favorably. Leadership opportunities, promotion, and peer respect also significantly favored men. These findings are consistent with national data, reinforcing that inequities in academic pharmacy are systemic rather than context-specific. Conclusion Women faculty in Saudi pharmacy education face structural and cultural barriers, compounded by implicit student bias, that limit their time for scholarship and affect their career advancement. Institutional interventions, including equitable workload distribution, resource allocation, bias training, and mentorship programs, are essential to promote gender equity and ensure a supportive academic environment.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Reliability and Validity Evidence for an Academic Gender Equity Questionnaire
    (2023)
    Warholak, T
    ;
    Barner, JC
    ;
    Unni, E
    ;
    Thomas, TF
    ;
    Devraj, R
    Objective. The majority of practicing pharmacists and student pharmacists are women. However, instru-ments to assess perceptions of gender equity within pharmacy academia are not available. The objective of this research was to describe the psychometric analysis of a questionnaire developed to assess gender equity by a Gender Equity Task Force and to report reliability and validity evidence.Methods. A questionnaire with 21 items addressing the teaching, research, service, advancement, men-toring, recruitment, and gender of college leaders was created. The survey was distributed via email in December 2020 to all social and administrative science section members of two professional associations. Rasch analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability and validity evidence for the questionnaire.Results. After reverse coding, all items met parameters for unidimensionality necessary for Rasch analysis. Once adjacent categories were merged to create a 3-point scale, the scale and items met parameters for appropriate functionality. Items were ordered hierarchically in order of difficulty. The modified instrument and scale can be treated as interval level data for future use.Conclusion. This analysis provides reliability and validity evidence supporting use of the gender equity questionnaire in the social and administrative academic pharmacy population if recommended edits such as the 3-point scale are used. Future research on gender equity can benefit from use of a psychometrically sound questionnaire for data collection.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Exploring parity in female authorship of pharmacoepidemiology articles: A case study of the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies and its citing articles Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Sketris, I.S.
    ;
    Traynor, R.L.
    ;
    Helwig, M.
    ;
    Burland, E.
    ;
    Stewart, S.A.
    Purpose: The Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) studies the benefits and risks of post-market drugs and evaluates its research mobilization efforts for accountability, demonstrating value, and learning. As part of these evaluation efforts, and acknowledging gender disparity in authorship across many academic disciplines, CNODES examined the relationship between gender and authorship in its own journal articles and the literature citing them. Methods: CNODES articles (published 2012–2017) and all citing articles were identified and extracted using Scopus. Scopus author IDs were used to extract full names and a web service (www.genderapi.com) was used to estimate gender, converting all probabilities <80% to “indeterminate.” T-tests and visualizations were used to compare the proportion of females between CNODES and the citing literature. Results: Twenty-eight CNODES articles and 463 citing articles were identified. The mean number of authors per article was 9.5 in CNODES articles and 5.7 in the citing literature. CNODES articles had a female authorship rate of 36%, compared to 29% in the citing literature (7% difference, 95% CI: [1%, 13%]). There were no female authors in 14% of CNODES articles versus 36% of the citing literature. Women were first authors in 25% and corresponding authors in 14% of CNODES articles. Conclusions: This analysis provides a benchmark and method to monitor progress in female parity in pharmacoepidemiology authorship. Further work is needed to determine and address barriers and facilitators to women's recruitment and advancement in the field of pharmacoepidemiology. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Item type:Publication,
    An Update on the Progress Toward Gender Equity in US Academic Pharmacy Open PDF 
    (2022)
    Draugalis, JoLaine R.
    ;
    Medina, Melissa S.
    ;
    Taylor, Jamie N.
    ;
    Plaza, Cecilia M.
    ;
    Lopez, Estela J.
    Objective. To evaluate the status of gender equity in US pharmacy education since the two previous publications on the topic in 2004 and 2014.Methods. Data were gathered from existing national databases, internal American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) databases, AACP meeting minutes, published reports, scholarly articles, pharmacy association websites, individual school websites, and LinkedIn profiles. Differences between men and women were evaluated on degree completion, discipline, rank, tenure status, research, leadership development, leadership positions, salaries, and professional awards. Comparisons were also made to academic medicine and dentistry.Results. Fifty-one percent of full-time faculty members across all academic pharmacy disciplines are women. The percentage of women at the rank of professor was 36.6%, compared to 25% in 2014. Of the 2992 tenured or tenure track pharmacy faculty, 39.2% were women. Out of 388 department chairs, 146 were women. Throughout 2014-2021, there were 121 chief executive officer (CEO) dean permanent appointments, with men holding 91 (75.2%) and women holding 30 (24.8%). Women received 29.7% of the National Institutes of Health grants awarded to pharmacy schools compared to men (70.3%), although women's funding amount was higher. In both the pharmacy practice discipline and all sciences disciplines, the total salary across all ranks and years in rank was significantly higher for men than women, even for department chairs, but there were no differences for CEO deans. To date, women have received 13% of four national pharmacy organizations' top 13 awards.Conclusion. Since 2014, some achievement gaps have narrowed, but areas of concern still exist and need continued attention and resources so inequities can be eliminated. Women in academic pharmacy need mentoring and support to extend throughout the trajectory of their careers in areas such as academic advancement, grant applications, salary negotiation, leadership pursuit, and award applications.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Seeking Gender Equity in Pharmacy Academia
    (2023)
    Devraj, R
    ;
    Warholak, T
    ;
    Planas, LG
    Gender inequity is a critical diversity, equity, and inclusion issue that has continued to lead to workplace disparities. While gender-based differences in pay are well documented, there are multiple other facets of academic worklife (eg, teaching, research, service, resources, etc) wherein gender inequities exist but have never been systematically identified or reported. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these inequities. One reason for continued existence of gender disparities in the workplace is lack of focused attention and emphasis on this issue. A recently formed Gender Equity Task Force has taken the first steps to systematically explore gender inequity in all areas of academic pharmacy worklife. The purpose of this Commentary is to highlight the scope of the problem of gender inequity in pharmacy academia and offer solutions that the Academy can implement to mitigate the impact of gender inequity in the future.