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Educational strategies for integrating gender perspectives in health professions training: a systematic review to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-03-07)
López, Karina
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Cabanas, Ana María
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Pinazo, Fabian
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Zambrano, Nathalia
BACKGROUND: Preparing health professionals to deliver equitable, culturally competent care requires integrating gender perspectives throughout medical training. While essential for addressing health disparities affecting women, men, and gender-diverse populations, implementation approaches vary widely across institutions and regions. Evidence on effective strategies remains fragmented. This systematic review synthesizes educational interventions for gender-sensitive training, evaluates outcomes on student competencies, and examines global research patterns to identify equity gaps in the scholarship itself. METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a prospectively registered systematic review (PROSPERO CRD420251132158). We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published between 2015 and 2025 that evaluated educational strategies for integrating gender perspectives in health professions training. Two independent reviewers performed screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal using a generic risk-of-bias tool. Thematic synthesis identified core educational strategy domains and their effectiveness. We complemented this with bibliometric mapping (co-citation, co-authorship, co-word analysis) to examine geographic distribution of research, international collaboration patterns, and conceptual evolution in the field. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria from 133 records. Six educational strategy domains emerged from thematic synthesis: curricular design, active learning methodologies, faculty development, assessment systems, digital technologies, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Interventions consistently improved clinical knowledge of gender-diverse health needs, recognition and reduction of implicit bias, ethical sensitivity, and gender-affirming communication skills. Bibliometric analysis revealed striking geographic concentration: 72.2% of research originates from European institutions (38% from Germany alone), with minimal international collaboration (12.5) and virtually no Global South representation. This pattern highlights persistent inequities in whose perspectives shape DEI frameworks in medical education. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating gender perspectives into health professions education represents an evidence-based strategy for advancing DEI principles and preparing providers to deliver equitable, culturally competent care. Effective implementation requires dedicated institutional commitment through three key mechanisms: dedicated change agents who champion gender equity, formal structural integration rather than ad-hoc interventions, and systematic faculty development programs. However, the geographic concentration of research in high-income Western contexts raises critical questions about equity in DEI scholarship itself. Achieving gender equity in healthcare globally requires parallel commitments: integrating gender-sensitive curricula in all institutions while ensuring that diverse global voices, especially from the Global South, meaningfully shape DEI discourse and frameworks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD420251132158.
Experiences of Women Faculty in an Academic Medical Center Open PDF
(SAGE Publications, 2025-03-13)
Esplin, Charlotte R.
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Calderwood, Lisa
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Weisenmuller, Chantel M.
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Luzier, Jessica L.
BACKGROUND: Women faculty face different obstacles in academic medical careers than their men counterparts. Women faculty report feeling like "outsiders" and experiencing multiple barriers to career advancement compared with men, especially if they hold a nonmedical degree (e.g., PhD). This study examined aspects of workplace culture that differentially impact women at a large regional academic medical center (AMC) in the Appalachian region of the United States-a geographic area that is largely understudied in this body of literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven women completed a survey that included the Culture Conducive to Women's Academic Success instrument, the Professional Fulfillment Index, the Work and Family Conflict scale, and items measuring burnout, childcare availability, and demographic factors. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that many women faculty felt that they were being treated differently than men faculty, that work infringed on their home and family life, and that while they were professionally fulfilled at work, childcare problems exacerbated feelings of wanting to leave that AMC. About 60% of our sample indicated some level of burnout. CONCLUSIONS: These findings align with previous findings that women juggle multiple roles that are typically not expected of men, and this juggling may be one reason why women are not staying in academic medicine or being promoted at the same rate as men. We provide incremental validity for the measures used and delineate specific ideas for improvement, such as on-site childcare, standardized leave policies, and formal mentorship and curriculum programs.
“Levelling up” the gender pay gap for Asian women academics in medicine and health sciences Open PDF
(Pasifika Medical Association Group, 2025-06-27)
Ng, Lillian
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Sadera, Emma
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Peiris-John, Roshini
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Misra, Stuti
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Chu, Joanna Ting-Wai
The gender pay gap for academic women of Asian ethnicity at Aotearoa New Zealand's largest university is 33.5%. The aim of this viewpoint is to raise consciousness, educate and contribute to dialogue on concerns relating to Asian women advancing in academia, particularly in medicine and health sciences. We invite collective participation in efforts at departmental, faculty and institutional levels to better identify and dismantle discrimination and increase the representation of Asian women in academic medicine. We endorse concepts of accountability, transparency and strengthening institutional frameworks to "level up" intersectional pay gaps by recommending three actions: 1) ensuring accountability by mandatory training, monitoring and reporting on gender pay equity, diversity and conscious inclusion, 2) creating transparency in salary, pay rates, hiring, tenure and promotions, and 3) convening a task force at each faculty with specific mentorship and leadership initiatives for women of colour. We emphasise that "levelling up" requires a collective will to act. We ask our colleagues and the academy to scrutinise attitudes and biases towards ethnic minority women in hiring, tenure and promotion processes. We advocate for enacting policy so those who experience inequity can see change. When rendered, it will be a legacy to the next generation of ethnic minority women entering the academy, and potentially other marginalised groups as well.
United States Medical School Academic Faculty Workforce Diversity, Institutional Characteristics, and Geographical Distributions From 2014-2018
(2022)
Ogunyemi, Dotun
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Okekpe, C. Camille
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Barrientos, Devin R.
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Bui, Tina
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Au, Melanie N.
Purpose Academic healthcare workforce diversity is important in addressing health disparities. Our goal was to evaluate trends and associations in faculty diversity of United States (US) medical schools over a five-year period. Methods We analyzed the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Faculty Roster data of 151 US medical schools from 2014-2018. Outcome faculty variables were female gender, underrepresented in medicine (UiM), age, and professorial representation. Predictor variables included geographical distributions, and institutional characteristics. Statistical analysis included Jonckheere-Terpstra test, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Results Female faculty increased from 37.6% to 40.4% (p<0.001), senior faculty (age >60 years) from 22.6% to 25.9% (p=0.001) while UiM faculty stayed relatively flat from 9.74% to 10.08% (p=0.773). UiM [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.39, p=0.015], and female faculty (aOR=0.3, p=0.001) had independently significantly decreased associations with professorial representation, while senior faculty had increased associations (aOR=3.82, p<0.001). Significant independent differences occurred in female, UiM, and professorial faculty distributions within US regions; Hispanic faculty were highest in Southwest (6.57%) and lowest in Midwest region (1.59%), while African-American faculty were highest in Southeast (8.15%) but lowest in the West (3.12%). UiM faculty had significantly independent decreased associations with MD/PhD degree (aOR=0.30, p=0.004) and higher US ranking institutions (aOR=0.45, p=0.009). Conclusions From 2014 to 2018, female faculty increased modestly while the UiM faculty trend remained flat. Female and UiM faculty were less represented at the professor level. UiM faculty were less represented in higher-ranking institutions. Geographic location is associated with faculty diversity.
A Data-Based Approach to Evaluating Representation by Gender and Affiliation in Key Presentation Formats at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research Open PDF
(2021)
Nobles, C.J.
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Lu, Y.-L.
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Andriessen, V.C.
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Bevan, S.S.
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Radoc, J.G.
The annual meeting of the Society for Epidemiologic Research (SER) is a major forum for sharing new research and promoting the career development of participants. Because of this, evaluating representation in key presentation formats is critical. For the 3,257 presentations identified at the 2015-2017 SER annual meetings, we evaluated presenter characteristics, including gender, affiliation, subject area, and h-index, and representation in 3 highlighted presentation formats: platform talks (n = 382), invited symposium talks (n = 273), and chairing a concurrent contributed session or symposium (n = 188). Data were abstracted from SER records, abstract booklets, and programs. Gender was assessed using GenderChecker software, and h-index was determined using the Scopus application programming interface. Log-binomial models were adjusted for participant characteristics and conference year. In adjusted models, women were less likely than men to present an invited symposium talk (relative risk = 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.45, 0.81) compared with all participants with accepted abstracts. Researchers from US public universities, US government institutions, and international institutions were less likely to present a symposium talk or to chair a concurrent contributed session or symposium than were researchers from US private institutions. The research areas that were most represented in platform talks were epidemiologic methods, social epidemiology, and cardiovascular epidemiology. Our findings suggest differences in representation by gender, affiliation, and subject area after accounting for h-index. © 2021 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Factors associated with homophobia in medical students from eleven Peruvian universities. Open PDF
(2019)
Nieto-Gutierrez, Wendy
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Komori-Pariona, Jorge K.
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Sánchez, Alice G.
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Centeno-Leguía, Dercy
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Arestegui-Sánchez, Liz
BACKGROUND: The consequences of homophobia can affect the integrity, mental and physical health of homosexual individuals in society. There are few studies in Peru that have evaluated homophobia in the medical student population. OBJECTIVE: To establish the social, educational and cultural factors associated with homophobia among Peruvian medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 12 medicine schools in Peru. Homophobia was defined according to a validated test, which was associated with other variables. Statistical associations were identified. RESULTS: The lowest percentages of homophobic students (15-20%) were found in the four universities in Lima, while universities in the interior of the country had the highest percentages (22-62%). Performing a multivariate analysis, we found that the frequency of homophobia was lower for the following variables: the female gender (PRa=0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; p=0.005), studying at a university in Lima (PRa=0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.75; p<0.001), professing the Catholic religion (PRa=0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76; p<0.001), knowing a homosexual (PRa=0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90; p=0.003) and having treated a homosexual patient (PRa=0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.98; p=0.036). In contrast, the frequency of homophobia increased in male chauvinists (PRa=1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72; p=0.007), adjusted by four variables. CONCLUSIONS: Homophobia was less common in women, in those who study in the capital, those who profess Catholicism and those who know/have treated a homosexual. In contrast, male chauvinists were more homophobic.
One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis Open PDF
(2017)
Nielsen, M.W.
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Andersen, J.P.
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Schiebinger, L.
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Schneider, J.W.
Gender and sex analysis is increasingly recognized as a key factor in creating better medical research and health care 1-7. Using a sample of more than 1.5 million medical research papers, our study examined the potential link between women's participation in medical science and attention to gender-related and sex-related factors in disease-specific research. Adjusting for variations across countries, disease topics and medical research areas, we compared the participation of women authors in studies that do and do not involve gender and sex analysis. Overall, our results show a robust positive correlation between women's authorship and the likelihood of a study including gender and sex analysis. These findings corroborate discussions of how women's participation in medical science links to research outcomes, and show the mutual benefits of promoting both the scientific advancement of women and the integration of gender and sex analysis into medical research. © 2017 The Author(s).
Gender bias in science and technology: A medico's perspectives
(2022)
Nayak, S.
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Shashi Bala, Puja Singhal
This chapter is a medico's perspective on the impact of gender bias on science and technology. It is entirely about what a female doctor feels about the society and the struggles a female faces in her journey, the lacunae in our system, how we should deal with the people and the system for the betterment of humanity in general. Her experiences in the medical college as a student, as a doctor, as a researcher, and as a teacher have been shared. How to maintain a perfect work-life balance and still be happy and content in life without being stressed. © 2018, IGI Global.
Evaluating the research performance of women scientists in Indian research laboratories based on Scopus citation database: A bibliometric analysis
(2022)
Mukherjee, B.
This study examines the contributions of women scientists currently working in various research organizations under the Ministry of Science and Technology, India. Women scientists were identified through the official websites of the research laboratories and their publication performance has been tracked using the Scopus database. There are 901 women scientists working in 78 research organizations under the Ministry and have published 21810 publications up to December 2019, almost 65 percent of which has been appeared during 2010 to 2019. The publication per scientist has risen from 6.85 article per year before 2000 to 10.45 paper in 2015-2019 which indicates increasing participation of women in science from India. Women scientists are primarily engaged in biological sciencesresearch, however fields such as materials sciences, nano-technology, and astrophysics are also becoming the preferred subject choices among women. Women scientists mostly published their articles as a member of a team of utmost 10 authors, however, their position in multi-authored articles is mostly as co-authors than that of principal authors. Women in the age group ofbetween31 to 40 produced maximum publications, and almost 98 percent of publications appeared in collaboration with other scientists.This study confirms that publication productivity does not decline with age. There are women scientists who stay active in research and keep their productivity at a high level until their retirement. The study suggests that the increasing participation of women in Indian science is encouraging, as such more funding opportunities to younger women researchers may be important to give them more lead time to build a strong career. © 2022
A Feminist Quality Appraisal Tool: exposing gender bias and gender inequities in health research Open PDF
(Routhledge, 2017)
Morgan, T.
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Williams, L.A.
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Gott, M.
Quality appraisal tools used in systematic reviews to evaluate health literature do not adequately address issues related to gender. This oversight is significant because disparities between genders have been identified as a major health equity concern, and systematic reviews are regarded as a powerful means for informing policy that could redress gender inequities. In this paper, we present our Feminist Quality Appraisal Tool that offers researchers a template to undertake a comprehensive gendered analysis of studies they review. Informed by a feminist perspective, the tool addresses issues of power, gender and inequity, thereby giving researchers the means to interrogate the scientific rigour of systematic reviews that focus on gender. Specifically, our tool outlines ways gender can be critically examined in terms of study design, data collection, analysis, discussion and recommendations. We argue that this tool has the potential to improve the provision of public health by providing solid understandings and critical reflections on the reasons why women continue to face barriers in their access to optimal health care. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

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