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Underrepresentation of Women in Undergraduate Economics Degrees in Europe: A Comparison with STEM and Business
(Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2021)
Megalokonomou, Rigissa
;
Vidal-Fernandez, Marian
;
Yengin, Duygu
In the last decade, the proportion and academic performance of women who pursue university degrees has increased relative to men in a range of developing countries (OECD, 2015). Nonetheless, the percentage of undergraduate economics degrees awarded to women has remained between 30% and 35% during 2001-2018 in the U.S. (Siegfried, 2019). In a recent work by Lundberg and Stearns (2019), they show that the gender gap worsens as women economists progress in their professional careers in the U.S., where they end up representing only 10% of university professors. European countries seem to have less of a "leaky pipeline," where the same figure sits at 22% (Auriol, Friebel, and Wilhelm, 2020). To put this figure into perspective, our paper describes the cross-country underrepresentation of women graduating in economics degrees in Europe relative to their country-specific women/men university graduation rates. Second, we compare the underrepresentation of women in economics to its closest alternative namely business, as well as its gender underrepresented counterpart, STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). Finally, we lean on recent evidence to suggest policies to increase the relative share of women pursuing undergraduate economics degrees in Europe with a strong focus on policies aimed at high schools. Overall, we find that, over the period 2013-2018, the underrepresentation of women in economics graduates has worsened in Europe and that on average two of every five students are women. While the gender representation of university graduates in STEM is worse than in economics, it has experienced a mild increase over the period of study. Unlike Economics, its closest alternative, business, has a slight women overrepresentation, with 1.1 women graduating for every man.
GENDER DIVERSITY IN RESEARCH TEAMS AND CITATION IMPACT IN ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Open PDF
(2021)
Maddi, A.
;
Gingras, Y.
The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) contribute to a better understanding of the place of women in Economics and Management disciplines by characterizing the difference in levels of scientific collaboration between men and women at the specialties’ level; and (2) investigate the relationship between gender diversity and citation impact in Economics and Management. Our data, extracted from the Web of Science database, cover global production as indexed in 302 journals in Economics and 370 journals in Management, with, respectively, 153,667 and 163,567 articles published between 2008 and 2018. Results show that collaborative practices between men and women are quite different in Economics and Management. We also find that there is a modest positive and significant effect of gender diversity on the citation impact of publications. Mixed-gender publications (coauthored by men and women) receive more citations than nonmixed papers (written by same-gender author teams) or single-author publications. The regression analysis also indicates that there is, for Economics, a small negative effect on citations received if the corresponding author is a woman. Finally, the country (affiliation) of the corresponding author affects the citations received in the two disciplines. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Women in Economics: Stalled Progress
(Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2018)
Lundberg, Shelly
;
Stearns, Jenna
In this paper, we first document trends in the gender composition of academic economists over the past 25 years, the extent to which these trends encompass the most elite departments, and how women's representation across fields of study within economics has changed. We then review the recent literature on other dimensions of women's relative position in the discipline, including research productivity and income, and assess evidence on the barriers that female economists face in publishing, promotion, and tenure. While underlying gender differences can directly affect the relative productivity of men and women, due to either differential constraints or preferences, productivity gaps do not fully explain the gender disparity in promotion rates in economics. Furthermore, the progress of women has stalled relative to that in other disciplines in the past two decades. We propose that differential assessment of men and women is one important factor in explaining this stalled progress, reflected in gendered institutional policies and apparent implicit bias in promotion and editorial review processes.
Gender disparities in the field of economics Open PDF
(2020)
Liu, Junwan
;
Song, Yinglu
;
Yang, Sai
In order to analyse the gender disparities in scientific research output in the field of economics, this paper selected the Web of Science database as the source database. We collected and screened 257,642 articles written by 130,397 authors from 1933 to 2017 in the field of economics. In this study, we use mathematical statistics and bibliometrics indexes to quantitatively analyse the gap between male and female authors in many aspects, including the output and influence in different level of journals and institutions, the dynamic evolution of output and influence and collaboration modes with gender disparities. In addition, we have analyzed the disparities in output and influence of male and female authors among different countries. The results show that male authors dominate in the economics research field according to their high output and influence. However, female authors also show advantage when it comes to the research influence. Finally, we conducted a dynamic analysis of the contribution and collaboration of men and women over the course of their careers, and our findings again demonstrate the importance of women’s participation in scientific collaboration. This study can provide an insight of gender different in economics research.
Gender gaps in the evaluation of research: evidence from submissions to economics conferences (Updated March 2020) Open PDF
(Banco de España, 2020)
Hospido, Laura
;
Sanz, Carlos
We study gender differences in the evaluation of submissions to economics conferences. Using data from the Annual Congress of the European Economic Association (2015-2017), the Annual Meeting of the Spanish Economic Association (2012-2017), and the Spring Meeting of Young Economists (2017), we find that all-female-authored papers are 3.3 p.p. (6.8%) less likely to be accepted than all-male-authored papers. This gap is present after controlling for number of authors of the paper; referee fixed effects; field; cites of the paper; authors’ previous publication record, affiliations, and experience; and connections between the authors of a given paper and the referees that evaluate it. We provide evidence suggesting that the gap is driven by stereotypes against female authors: it is entirely driven by male referees, only exists for lesser-known authors, and seems larger in more masculine fields, especially in finance.
An econometric investigation of the productivity gender gap in Mexican research, and a simulation study of the effects on scientific performance of policy scenarios to promote gender equality
(United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), 2016)
Rivera Leon, Llorena
;
Mairesse, Jacques
;
Cowan, Robin
This paper provides evidence on the existence and determinants of the publication productivity gender gap in Mexico at the individual level and on its consequences on the Mexican scientific system and productivity at disciplinary and aggregate levels. The paper specifies and performs a panel data econometric analysis based on a sample of Mexican researchers who are members of the National System of Researchers (SNI) of Mexico in the period 2002-2013. It corrects for a selectivity bias: the existence of periods with no (or low quality) publication, and endogeneity bias: the promotion to higher academic ranks. We define and implement counterfactual simulations to both effects, assess the magnitude of macro-impacts of existing gender gaps and illustrate the potential effects of a range of policy scenarios. The results show no significant gender gaps for an average SNI researcher. Moreover, when correcting for the endogeneity and selectivity biases, we find that the average female researcher in public universities is around 8% more productive than her male peers, with most of the observed productivity being explained by gender differentials in the propensity to have periods of no (or low) quality publication. We find that barriers to promotion to higher academic ranks are highest among females in public research centres. Our macro scenarios on promotion practices, selectivity, collaboration and age show that eliminating gender gaps would increase aggregate productivity by an average of 7% for university females and 9% for females in research centres.
Predicting early career productivity of PhD economists: Does advisor-match matter? Open PDF
(2020)
García-Suaza, Andrés
;
Otero, Jesús
;
Winkelmann, Rainer
We assess the role played by department rank and advisor-match on the early stage productivity of recent PhDs in economics using a tailor-made data set based on RePEc. After allowing for the potential influence of other factors, including gender and field of specialisation, we find as expected that both advisory quality and rank of the graduation institution are positively related to the academic productivity of graduates. However, in top institutions, students working with the most productive academics do not outperform others unless they co-author with their advisor. For students in non-top institutions, being advised by the best academics is always associated with a higher research output. Possible explanations for this difference are pointed out, including selection and differences in advising styles.
Is there a differentiated gender effect of collaboration with super-cited authors? Evidence from junior researchers in economics Open PDF
(2023)
Dorantes-Gilardi, R.
;
Ramírez-Álvarez, A.A.
;
Terrazas-Santamaría, D.
In recent decades, economists have analyzed different types of gender inequality. Female researchers tend to have lower pay, write fewer articles, and receive fewer citations than their male counterparts. In this paper, we investigate whether there is a medium-term effect of gender on the career of junior researchers who collaborated with a super-cited (SC) author within 5 years of their first publication. We employ a matching model using co-authorship network measurements to compare similar junior collaborators and non-collaborators. We find a positive effect on the impact of all junior collaborators, but there is no statistically significant difference between men and women. Female and male junior collaborators have similar increases in SC co-authorship events and unique SC co-authors relative to non-collaborators, which might help explain this non-differentiated medium-term advantage. © 2023, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
Is there a differentiated gender effect of collaboration with supercited authors? Evidence from early-career economists
(El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, 2021)
Dorantes-Gilardi, Rodrigo
;
Ramírez-Álvarez, Aurora Alejandra
;
Terrazas-Santamaría, Diana
Several inequalities between genders have been reported over the last decades in academia. Female researchers tend to have a lower pay, write fewer articles and receive fewer cites than their male counterparts, among other disparities. Co-authorship with highly cited scholars tend to give an advantage to early career researchers. Indeed, the impact of researchers that collaborate with super-cited (SC) authors at their early career stage tends to be greater than for those scientists who do not. The question of whether this advantage is favors male or female scientists has not been addressed yet. By conditioning on career length (at least ten years), we study the effect on male and female economists from collaborating with a SC author within the first five years of their career. Since collaboration is not likely random, we employ a matching model using pre-collaboration network characteristics to compare similar authors. We find a positive effect on the impact and the probability of being SC afterward; however, this effect is not statistically different between men and women. On the productivity side, we do not find an effect for any gender. To further explore these results, we study whether repeated collaboration with SC co-authors may be a possible mechanism in the years that follow.
Diversity of backgrounds and ideas: The case of research evaluation in economics Open PDF
(2019)
Corsi, Marcella
;
D’Ippoliti, Carlo
;
Zacchia, Giulia
This paper contributes to the literature on the effect of research evaluation in terms of preserving and reproducing diversity. Through a large-scale natural experiment encompassing two entire cohorts of Italian economists, we document how candidates for academic positions, especially top-tier positions, in economics are pushed to increasingly conform to a standardised research profile. We find evidence of gender bias in research evaluation and observe substantial variability in the chances of qualifying for an academic position, depending on candidates’ main fields, topics and methods of research. Our results also indicate that economists working on less popular research fields and/or with heterodox methods are less likely to qualify for top-tier academic positions, independently of their bibliometric indicators.

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