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Declining female representation with advancing academic rank in veterinary institutions from non-Western countries Open PDF
(Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
Norton, Ursula
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Dunlop, Rebecca
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Allavena, Rachel
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Talloni, María José Navarrete
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Palmieri, Chiara
Gender equity in academic veterinary science remains underexplored outside of Western countries. This study aimed to evaluate gender representation across academic ranks within veterinary institutions in Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East and North Africa. Data on academic staff were collected from 96 veterinary schools across 39 countries between September 2023 and April 2024. Gender was inferred through institutional websites, online academic platforms, and machine-learning tools, and academic ranks were standardised into four categories: Lecturer, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Professor. Generalised linear models were used to assess the relationship between gender and academic rank in each region. Across all regions, male academics were more represented at higher academic ranks. Female representation declined significantly with increasing rank in all regions (p < 0.0001). The percentage of female academics ranged widely, from 7 % (Nepal) to 68 % (Myanmar and Peru). Asia had the lowest overall female representation (29 %), followed by the Middle East (40 %), Latin America (43 %), and Sub-Saharan Africa (44 %). The decline in female representation across ranks was steepest in Asia and the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa exhibited a slower decline and was the only region where female representation increased at the Professor level compared to Associate Professor. Despite regional variation, veterinary academia in non-Western countries remains male-dominated, particularly at senior levels. However, the observed patterns in Africa and Latin America may reflect emerging progress in gender equity. Addressing structural and cultural barriers to academic advancement is essential to support the career progression of women in veterinary science globally.
Teaching, service, and leadership: exploring gender inequities in Saudi pharmacy academia Open PDF
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-12-11)
Almaghaslah, Dalia
Background Gender equity remains a global challenge in academic pharmacy, with disparities documented in rank, leadership, and workload distribution. However, limited evidence exists from Middle Eastern contexts where unique structural and cultural factors, such as gender segregation, shape faculty experiences. Objective This study examined gender equity perceptions among faculty at a Saudi college of pharmacy, focusing on workload distribution, access to resources, classroom experiences, and advancement opportunities, and compared findings with national data from the AACP-APhA Gender Equity Task Force. Methods A cross-sectional survey adapted from the AACP-APhA Gender Equity Task Force instrument was administered to pharmacy faculty. The survey measured perceptions of equity across domains including teaching, research, service, student interactions, mentoring, leadership, and promotion. Responses were analyzed using chi-square tests to identify gender differences. Results Significant gender differences were identified across multiple domains. Female faculty reported heavier teaching workloads, less access to research resources, and greater service obligations compared to male colleagues. They also perceived significant disparities in classroom civility ( p = 0.0052), student respect, and teaching evaluations ( p = 0.0451), with students perceived as treating male faculty more favorably. Leadership opportunities, promotion, and peer respect also significantly favored men. These findings are consistent with national data, reinforcing that inequities in academic pharmacy are systemic rather than context-specific. Conclusion Women faculty in Saudi pharmacy education face structural and cultural barriers, compounded by implicit student bias, that limit their time for scholarship and affect their career advancement. Institutional interventions, including equitable workload distribution, resource allocation, bias training, and mentorship programs, are essential to promote gender equity and ensure a supportive academic environment.
Nursing students’ perceptions of gender and race in AI healthcare imagery Open PDF
(SAGE Publications, 2025-12-02)
Molu, Birsel
Background The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into healthcare has transformed how health professionals learn, communicate, and make clinical decisions. However, AI-generated images and digital outputs often reproduce societal stereotypes, particularly regarding gender and race. Aim This study examined how nursing students’ perceptions of gender, race, and professional roles are shaped by AI-generated images of healthcare professionals, and how these perceptions influence their communication styles and ethical awareness in interactions with AI. Design A multimethod, cross-sectional design integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches was used. Quantitative data assessed gender attitudes in the nursing profession, while qualitative data explored visual interpretations and language patterns in AI interactions. Participant Population The sample included 132 second- and fourth-year nursing students from a health sciences faculty in Türkiye. Ethical Consideration The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. Findings Results indicated that nursing students largely relied on visual cues particularly clothing and posture when identifying professional roles in AI-generated images. Despite claiming objectivity, students frequently associated doctors with men and nurses with women, reflecting persistent gender schemas. Female participants demonstrated greater sensitivity to both gender and racial imbalances, whereas males perceived AI-generated visuals as more neutral. Language analysis revealed two main communication styles in chatbot interactions: polite and direct. Quantitative findings showed that being female, having lower income, and higher GPA were associated with more egalitarian attitudes. Conclusion Nursing students’ perceptions and interactions with AI are influenced by implicit gender and racial stereotypes embedded in visual and linguistic representations. Integrating AI ethics, gender equity, and digital literacy into nursing curricula will foster critical awareness, algorithmic fairness, and equitable professional identity formation among future nurses.
The Status of Women in Academic Medicine, and Particularly in Neurosurgery, in a Developing Country, Türkiye Open PDF
(Elsevier BV, 2026-02)
Aslan, Ayfer
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Bulduk, Erkut B.
OBJECTIVE: Women have always faced inequality in academic medical careers in Türkiye as well as the rest of the world. However, to date, no definitive data has been published regarding the representation rate of women in academic medicine in Türkiye. The aim of this study is to reveal the status of women in faculty and leadership positions in academic medicine in Türkiye. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted through websites of the Council of Higher Education (YOK) in Türkiye and medical faculties accredited by YOK as of October 2025. RESULTS: There were 132 medical schools in Türkiye. Women constituted 41% of all faculty members, 37% of professors, 42% of associate professors, 44% of assistant professors, 57% of lecturers, and 50% of residents in medical faculties in Türkiye. Among leadership positions, there were 26 (21%) women deans, and 98 (46%) women vice deans. Women comprised 35% of the faculty administrative committees and 35% of faculty boards. 25% of chairpersons of medical sciences divisions, and 35% of department heads were women. Regarding women in Neurosurgery, only 6% (n=25) of faculty and 5% (n=5) of department heads in neurosurgery were women. Among neurosurgery faculty, women comprised only 2% (n=3) of full professors, 6% (n=5) of associate professors, 9% (n=14) of assistant professors, and 27% (n=3) of lecturers. There were 45 (28%) female residents in neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Gender equity has not yet been achieved in academic medicine in Türkiye. More effective policies promoting gender equality should be implemented by the authorities.
Cross-sectional study of women’s representation in leadership positions in Turkish medical schools, academic departments, specialty boards, conferences and journals in 2023 Open PDF
(BMJ, 2025-10)
Eroğlu, Fatma Sıla
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Koyuncu, Sevil Buket
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Erkan, Beyza
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Kıyak, Yavuz Selim
Objectives Ensuring gender equity in leadership is crucial for fair representation and diversity in academic medicine. This study aims to investigate the representation of women in leadership positions in Turkish academic medicine, including medical schools, specialty boards, conferences and medical journals. Design and setting A cross-sectional study was conducted between August and December 2023. The study analysed data from members of medical faculties, specialty boards, medical conferences and medical journals across Turkey. The source of information was publicly accessible websites. Participants The study included data from 17 939 members of 113 medical faculties, 112 specialty boards, 73 medical conferences and 246 medical journals in Turkey. Interventions This study has no interventions. Results Women made up 40.4% of all medical-school faculty but only 22.5% of deans (95% CI 15.5 to 31.6; p<0.001) and 13.6% of surgical-division chairs (7.8–22.7; p<0.001). Vice-deanships (38.5%; 31.4–45.9) did not differ from baseline (p=0.62). Among 49 departments, significant shortfalls were confined to 6, notably paediatrics (36.1% chairs vs 57.9% faculty, p<0.001) and gynaecology-obstetrics (23.2% vs 41.6%, p=0.004). On specialty boards, women held 30.5% of president/chair posts versus 36.7% of all board seats (p=0.18); comparable figures for conferences were 34.2% versus 41.4% (p=0.20). Women occupied 27.2% of editor-in-chief positions, significantly below their 32.9% share of other editorial roles (95% CI 22.8 to 32.0; p=0.007). Conclusions Turkey’s academic medicine pipeline contains substantial numbers of women, yet marked gaps persist in senior positions. Bridging these gaps will require targeted policies that look beyond overall workforce proportions to the specific decision-making roles where shortfalls remain.
Breaking the Glass Ceiling? Gender Dynamics in Turkish Dental Faculty Leadership Open PDF
(Wiley, 2026-01-31)
Balkanlıoğlu, Esra
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Ozdemir, Zeyneb Merve
ABSTRACT Introduction Despite the increasing representation of women in the dental profession, gender inequality remains in academic leadership roles. This study aimed to evaluate the gender distribution of academics and deans working in dental faculties in Türkiye. Materials and Methods A retrospective cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using publicly available data from 154 dental faculties (73 state and 81 foundation) between January and March 2025. Information was collected from 3061 academics, including their gender, academic title, specialty, and university affiliation. Gender classification was confirmed using the records of the Council of Higher Education and cross‐validated using the Gender API and NamSor software. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics (version 23). Results Among participants, 62.3% were women and 37.7% were men. Notably, women outnumbered men in nearly all academic ranks, with the highest proportion observed among lecturers (76.5%). Most professors were also women (51.5%), highlighting a remarkable shift in traditional academic gender dynamics. The gender distribution varied across disciplines: women were predominant in pedodontics (80.5%) and restorative dentistry (70%), while men were predominant in oral surgery (62.5%) and implantology (83.3%). In contrast, only 25.8% of deans were women, indicating persistent underrepresentation in high‐level administrative positions. Gender detection tools showed high concordance with the actual data (Cohen's κ > 0.91). Conclusion Although women represent the majority of academics in Turkish dental faculties, a significant gender gap remains in the top leadership roles. Institutional policies and targeted mentorship programs are needed to promote gender equity in academic advancement and decision‐making.
Impact of the Pandemic on Gender Differences in Scientific Publication Authorship Among Turkish Adult Cardiologists
(2022)
Koçyiğit, Duygu
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Tokgözoğlu, Lale
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Kayıkçıoğlu, Meral
OBJECTIVE: Despite efforts spent on promotion of gender equity in the academia, the gender gap is feared to have widened after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Herein, we aimed to compare the distribution of female authorship by Turkish adult cardiologists in journals indexed at PubMed before and after the pandemic. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, an advanced search on PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) was carried out based on the following criteria: "entrez date" and keywords "Turkey" and "cardiology" to identify papers that entered the online database in April-September 2019 and April-September 2020. After the study sample was determined, type of the article and details of the author list were recorded. RESULTS: Of 1318 articles screened, 708 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 85 (12.0%) of first authors and 67 (10.0%) of senior authors were female. Females were less likely to first author original articles, editorials, case reports/series and papers with international participation (9.5%, P = .012; 33.3%, P = .045; 18.3%, P = .033; 4.8%, P = .032, respectively). A higher proportion of females were in first and corresponding author positions in original articles (73.2%, P = .032; 76.5%, P = .019, respectively), but not in other article types (all P > .05), after emergence of the pandemic. CONCLUSION: These suggest that significant gender differences exist with regard to authorships of scientific publications that were submitted by Turkish adult cardiologists. Future studies may aim to evaluate the trends across a wider time span and based on a more extensive scientific output follow-up.
An investigation into gender distributions in scholarly publications among dental faculty members in Iran Open PDF
(2024)
Sofi-Mahmudi, A.
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Shamsoddin, E.
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DeTora, L.M.
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Bierer, B.E.
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Ekmekci, P.E.
Background Research on gender inequality is crucial as it unveils the pervasive disparities that persist across various domains, shedding light on societal imbalances and providing a foundation for informed policy-making. Aim To investigate gender differences in scientometric indices among faculty members in dental schools across Iran. This included overall data and speciality-specific data. Methods The publication profiles of academic staff in all dental schools were examined using the Iranian Scientometric Information Database (ISID, http://isid.research.ac.ir). Variables analyzed were working field, academic degree, the total number of papers, papers per year, total number of citations, percentage of self-citation, h-index, g-index, citations per paper, gender, university type, number of years publishing, proportion of international papers, first-author papers, and corresponding-author papers. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests were used to analyze the relationship between background characteristics and scientometric indicators. The extracted data were analyzed using R v4.0.1. Results The database included 1850 faculty members, of which about 60% (1104 of 1850) were women. Men (n = 746) had a higher number of papers (6583 vs. 6255) and citations (60410 vs. 39559) compared with women; 234 of the 376 faculty members with no papers were women. Almost half of the women (N = 517 of 1104) were in Type 2 universities, and nearly half of the men (N = 361 of the 746) were faculty members at Type 1 universities (Type 1 universities ranking higher than Type 2 and 3 universities). The medians of scientometric indices were higher in men, except for self-citation percentage (0 (IQR = 2) vs. 0 (IQR = 3), P = 0.083), international papers percentage (0 (IQR = 7.5) vs. 0 (IQR = 16.7), P<0.001). The proportion of corresponding-author papers was more than 62% higher in women (25 (IQR = 50) vs. 15.4 (IQR = 40), P<0.001). Men had a two-fold higher median h-index (2 (IQR = 4) vs. 1 (IQR = 3), P<0.001). Restorative dentistry and pediatric dentistry had the highest men-to-women ratios (1.5 for both). Dental materials and oral and maxillofacial surgery showed the lowest men-to-women ratios (0.42 and 0.5, respectively). Conclusions Women made up the majority of dental faculty members in Iran. Nevertheless, men showed better scientometric results in several significant indices. Having identified scientometric information reflecting differences across faculty members, further research is now needed to better understand the drivers of these differences. © 2024 Sofi-Mahmudi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Trends of women's authorship in an Iranian medical journal from 1999 to 2019 Open PDF
(2023)
Shamsi, A.
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Behboudi, E.
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Barghi, M.
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Heidari, H.
Author's gender is a potential factor in scientific publications. We evaluated the trends of authorship gender by focusing on women in an Iranian medical journal and followed two aims: A) Mapping gender trends in authorship positions; B) Drawing the patterns among authors. Our results showed that between 1999 and 2019, the role of women as first author was 26.7% and 54.9% (p < 0.05); as last authors 33.3% and 37.3% and as corresponding author 23.3% and 36.7%, respectively. Despite progresses made by women, they were not significantly successful as corresponding and last authors. Further researchers around the world can have similar focus and be useful in making decisions for equality issues. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Perceived barriers towards the importance and application of medical research: a source of gender disparity among medical undergraduates Open PDF
(2022)
AlQirem, L.
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Al-Huneidy, L.
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Hammouri, M.
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Taha, H.
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Al-Somadi, H.
Background: Little is known about gender disparity among medical undergraduates in the developing world. Therefore, this study aims to explore the attitudes and perceived barriers among Jordanian medical students, particularly women. Methods: An online, self-administered questionnaire, developed after an extensive literature review, was disseminated across all six Jordanian medical schools targeting more than 5000 medical students. Student t-test and ANOVA were used to document mean differences among different groups. Linear and logistic regression models were used to find predictors of publication and number of publications. Results: A total of 636 students participated in the survey with a women to men ratio of 1.1. Women medical students report significantly higher knowledge (t(634) = 2.47, p = 0.013), personal (t(634) = 3.31, p = 0.001), and total barriers scores than men (t(634) = 3.02, p = 0.003). Moreover, compared to men, women were less likely to find same-sex mentorship (t(634) = 3.18, p = 0.001) or receive credited authorship (t(634) = 2.12, p = 0.011). Overall, women medical students were more likely to perceive that their gender (t(634) = 3.58, p < 0.001) and people’s perception of their gender (t(634) = 4.25, p < 0.001) are barriers to their career advancement. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that gender is a significant predictor of being able to publish (OR: 1.645; 95%CI: 1.002–2.731), while linear regression demonstrated that gender is a predictor of number of publications (ß: 0.113; 95%CI: 0.063–0.288). Conclusion: A significant gender disparity exists in terms of both attitudes and overall barriers among Jordanian medical undergraduates which calls for immediate policy changes as to produce successful clinicians and researchers. © 2022, The Author(s).

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