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Advancing gender equity in gynecology and obstetrics: perspectives from the German workforce Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-08-27)
Neuhold, Jasmin
;
von Versen-Höynck, Frauke
PURPOSE: Despite the high proportion of women in medical education and clinical training, female physicians remain underrepresented in leadership and academic positions in Gynecology and Obstetrics in Germany. This study investigates structural and cultural factors contributing to this disparity and highlights trends in workforce composition and recognition in the field. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis using publicly available data from the German Federal Statistical Office and the German Medical Association (2004-2024), as well as database from the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG). RESULTS: In 2023, women comprised 73% of gynecologists in Germany. Female representation declined with advancing career stage. In 2024, 82% of resident physicians at German university hospitals were women, while they held 26% of department head positions in Gynecology and Obstetrics. Female membership in the DGGG reached 75%, with 40% on the executive board. In 2022, 65% of major awards went to men, while women received most poster and lecture prizes (61%) at the biannual conference. CONCLUSIONS: While gender diversity in the clinical workforce has improved, systemic inequities persist in academic and leadership domains. Addressing these requires structural reforms, increased transparency in recruitment and promotion processes, and targeted programs supporting women's professional advancement. Enhanced visibility, mentorship, and inclusive institutional policies are essential to ensure gender-equitable development in the specialty.
Gender Research Gap in Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery: Gender-specific Disparities in Submission of Abstracts to the German Congress of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery from 2015 to 2024 Open PDF
(Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2025-04-30)
Vogel, Carolina
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Bertsch, Vera
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Rollmann, Mika F.
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Histing, Tina
;
Braun, Benedikt J.
Gender-specific differences also affect the subject of orthopaedics and trauma surgery (O&T). While the proportion of women studying medicine is steadily increasing, the proportion of female surgeons in O&T is only 18.6%. This underrepresentation affects not only clinics but also research and is reflected in participation in scientific annual meetings such as the German Congress for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (DKOU).This retrospective study examined the gender differences in abstract submissions to the DKOU from 2015 to 2024. The anonymised data were subjected to examination regarding gender, role in submission and academic title.The overall participation of women in the 82,813 abstracts was 20%. The proportion of women among submitters was 23.3%, among presenters 24.5% and among co-authors 18.2%. In the analysis of the female cohort alone, women were more likely to be submitters and presenters than in the male cohort (p < 0.001). The proportion of female participation in abstract submissions increased by an average of 0.5% per year over the study period. However, women were significantly underrepresented at higher academic degrees, such as habilitations (7.4%), professorships (7.6%) and university professorships (5.2%).The results show that the proportion of women submitting abstracts to the DKOU largely corresponds to the percentage in the field of orthopaedics and trauma surgery (18.6% in 2022), reflecting the overall gender disparity in this specialty. If this trend analysis were applied to the general development of gender parity in orthopaedics and trauma surgery, gender-equitable staffing of medical positions could not be achieved before the year 2087. To accelerate this development, targeted measures to promote women in orthopaedics and trauma surgery are necessary. This includes dismantling structural barriers and implementing specific support programs for female surgeons pursuing academic careers.
Closing the gap?—Trends in women’s full professorship at the medical faculty of the University of Rostock 1563–2018 Open PDF
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-04-22)
Bindrich, Sabrina
;
Wille, Nico
BACKGROUND: This study analyses the representation of female full professors at the Medical Faculty of the University of Rostock (UMR) between 1563 and 2018 based on the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium, while also examining the career paths and personal background of the professors. METHODS: The data for this study was acquired from the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium (CPR), a biographical online lexicon, the university archive and the statistical department of the University of Rostock. Descriptive Statistics, the Mann–Whitney-U-Test and the Kruskal–Wallis-Test for independent samples followed by pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction were used to analyse differences between subgroups like epochs and male or female professors. RESULTS: The dataset includes 295 professors, 279 (94.57%) listed as male and 16 (5.42%) as female. There were no female full professors until 1964. While women are overrepresented in the lower ranks of academia, they remain underrepresented in the highest ranks: In 2018, 63.16% of students, 59.69% of the faculty’s graduates, 59.50% of newly graduated doctors and 33.33% of habilitations were women, while only 10.94% of professors at the UMR were female. In comparison, in 2018 female professors accounted for 23.69% of all professors in medicine in Germany. The first initiative for the promotion of women at the UMR mentioned in the archive files dates to 1962. The stomatological clinic was the first to create personalized development plans for women in academia and in total there were more female professors in orthodontics than male ones. Over the course of the study period, the proportion of female professors at the medical faculty increased noticeably, which is also reflected in a significant difference in appointment years between male and female professors (p < 0.001). In 1985, 9.76% of professors were women, while 55.90% of students were female. By 2024, these figures had risen to 18.31% of professors and 69.38% of students, respectively. CONCLUSION: Though significant progress has been made, further systematic changes are needed to achieve gender equity at the UMR. To make this possible, consequent initiatives by leaders, sufficient resources and continuous re-evaluation are needed.
Gender bias in evaluating assistant professorship applicants? Evidence from harmonized survey experiments in Germany and Italy Open PDF
(Elsevier BV, 2025-02)
Gërxhani, Klarita
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Kulic, Nevena
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Rusconi, Alessandra
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Solga, Heike
Abstract This study investigates gender biases in the evaluation of applicants for assistant professorships in Germany and Italy. Drawing on the justification-suppression model of prejudice expression, we explore whether biases against women are expressed, suppressed, or even reversed in the appointment process, considering the different normative gender climates and gender equality strategies in the two countries. Using harmonized factorial survey experiments with professors of economics, political science, and social sciences, we found that women in Germany have an advantage both in perceived qualification for an assistant professorship and in the propensity to receive an interview invitation. In contrast, women in Italy are neither disadvantaged nor advantaged. We also examine whether gender biases exist when there is ambiguity about applicants' academic performance (co-authorship) and career commitment (parental leave). Our results reveal a co-authorship penalty and a parenthood premium in both countries, with no gender differences observed. Our exploratory country comparison suggests that Germany's proactive gender equality policies may be more effective in reducing the gender gap in assistant professor appointments compared to Italy's gender-neutral approach, by favoring equally qualified female applicants.
Consequences of Affirmative Action: The Impact of Hiring a Female Professor
(2025)
Mähr, Maximilian
This paper studies how appointing a female professor through affirmative action affects hiring decisions and gender attitudes of faculty. For identification I use the introduction of a nationwide affirmative action policy in Germany that provides subsidies to departments appointing women to permanent full professorships. Using administrative data on all academic personnel employed at German public universities, I find that exposure to a female professor increases the share of female Ph.D. students but leaves hiring of women among full professors, assistant professors, and postdoctoral researchers unaffected. The rise in female Ph.D. enrollment is driven by individuals who completed their undergraduate studies in the same department. Additional findings show that after a woman joins the department, young male faculty members increase their collaboration with female colleagues. Further, I document that research productivity and direction are unaffected by the presence of an additional woman. Finally, I estimate that approximately two-thirds of subsidized female appointments would have occurred without the program.
How does research productivity relate to gender? Analyzing gender differences for multiple publication dimensions Open PDF
(2018)
Mayer, S.J.
;
Rathmann, J.M.K.
Measures of research productivity have become widely used for obtaining tenure, third-party funding, and additional resources from universities. However, previous studies indicate that men might have a higher research output than women, with mixed conclusions about the factors that drive these differences. This study explores to what extent the research productivity of psychology professors in Germany is related to gender and, furthermore, how any gender gaps can be explained by controlling for individual and organizational factors. In addition, three publication dimensions (publications in top 10% journals, journal articles, and book and collection chapters) are distinguished to determine the effect of gender on research productivity as precisely as possible. A unique data set based on all full professors in psychology in Germany and their publication record in 2013 and 2014 is used (Nauthors = 294; Narticles = 2252, Nchapters = 439). Thus, this study provides a current overview of the state of research productivity in an entire discipline after researchers receive tenure and external restrictions are lessened. Our research helps to further locate the point at which gender differences in publication numbers occur. As we are the first to systematically to analyze different publication types, we are able to show that there is no difference in publication numbers for less-prestigious book chapters. However, we find significant gender differences for research productivity in academic journals that are more important for career advancement and peer recognition, even after we control for the most important individual and organizational factors that might explain gender differences. Our results point to the direction that women do research and write manuscripts, but may have different publication patterns: instead of submitting to competitive journals, they may be satisfied with less-prestigious book chapters. As publications in peer-reviewed journals are especially important for career advancement as well as peer recognition, this publication pattern may be disadvantageous for women. Overall, we conclude that additional research to understand these developments is needed that focuses on the motives and beliefs of researchers, both to improve gender equality in academia and to give women better chances to gain recognition and prestige. © 2018, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
Is There a Motherhood Penalty in Academia? The Gendered Effect of Children on Academic Publications in German Sociology Open PDF
(2020)
Lutter, Mark
;
Schröder, Martin
Based on data that tracks curriculum vitae (CV) and publication records as well as survey information from sociologists in German academia, we examine the effects of parenthood on the publication output of male and female academics that were present in German universities or research institutes in the year 2013. Results indicate that having children leads to a significant decline in the number of publications by women on average, while not affecting the number of publications by men. However, the gendered effect of children on productivity hardly mitigates differences in publication output between men and women, as women still publish about 20 per cent less than men after controlling for the adverse effects of children on productivity. The gendered effect of childbearing depends partly on prior levels of women’s academic achievements, suggesting a mechanism of performance-driven self-selection. Lower-performing women tend to suffer a stronger motherhood penalty than better performing women, while the publication output of successful women (who have been granted academic awards) is not reduced through childbirth. The results indicate that women are better at managing the ‘double burden’ of kids and career if external, award-giving committees have bestowed prestige upon them or indicated their potential for a scientific career.
Is there a motherhood penalty in academia? The gendered effect of children on academic publications Open PDF
(Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, 2019)
Lutter, Mark
;
Schröder, Martin
Based on data that tracks CV and publication records as well as survey information from sociologists in German academia, we examine the effects of parenthood on the publication output of male and female academics. Results indicate that having children leads to a significant decline in the number of publications by women, while not affecting the number of publications by men. We also find that the gendered effect of children on productivity hardly mitigates differences in publication output between men and women, as women still publish about 20 percent less than men after controlling for the adverse effects of children on productivity. We further find that the gendered effect of childbearing depends partly on prior levels of women's academic achievements, which suggests mechanisms of performance-driven self-selection. Lower-performing women tend to suffer a stronger motherhood penalty, while the publication output of more successful women (who have been granted academic awards) is not reduced through childbirth. The results indicate that women are better at managing the 'double burden' of parenthood and career if external, award-giving committees have bestowed prestige upon them and indicated their potential for a scientific career. Overall, these findings contribute to a better understanding of how to reduce the adverse effect of children on female publication output.
Childbearing and (female) research productivity: a personnel economics perspective on the leaky pipeline Open PDF
(2014)
Joecks, J.
;
Pull, K.
;
Backes-Gellner, U.
Despite the fact that childbearing is time-consuming (i.e., associated with a negative resource effect), we descriptively find female researchers with children in business and economics to be more productive than female researchers without children. Hence, female researchers with children either manage to overcompensate the negative resource effect associated with childbearing by working harder (positive incentive effect), or only the most productive female researchers decide to go for a career in academia and have children at the same time (positive self-selection effect). Our first descriptive evidence on the timing of parenthood among more than 400 researchers in business and economics from Austria, Germany and the German-speaking part of Switzerland hints at the latter being the case: only the most productive female researchers with children dare to self-select (or are selected) into an academic career. Our results have important policy implications when it comes to reducing the “leaky pipeline” in academia. © 2013, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Does COVID-19 facilitate gender inequality in article submission behavior? To what extent is article submission behavior influenced by career status? An exploration using the German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research as an example Open PDF
(2023)
Henning, L.
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Raue-Behlau, C.
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Halberschmidt, B.
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Peikenkamp, J.
;
Tietjens, M.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments closed schools and imposed social distancing requirements, limiting childcare options and requiring researchers to stay at home. Recent studies indicated that women are particularly negatively affected by the pandemic containment measures. Depending on discipline and type of publication, it is stated that the number of submissions by women has fallen dramatically, but submissions by men have remained constant or even increased. The aim of this study is to examine whether a decrease in article submissions during the COVID-19 pandemic by women also applies to the field of sport and exercise sciences using the German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research as an example. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate to what extent career status has an influence on submission behavior during COVID-19. The current analysis focuses on 198 submissions to the German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, which were systematically examined with regard to the first authorship of articles submitted from April 1st, 2019 to March 31st, 2021. Results of a log-linear analysis show that men submitted significantly more articles. The gap between women and men is greatest in the position of professors, which reflects the distribution of women and men in scientific employees. However, no significant differences in submission behavior are found before vs. during the pandemic. This study functions as a starting point for the discipline of sport and exercise science from which submission behavior should be further monitored taking into account individual and social factors which might influence submission behavior. © 2023, The Author(s).

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