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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender bias and explanation models for the phenomenon of women's discriminations in research careers Open PDF 
    (2013)
    Kretschmer, H.
    ;
    Kretschmer, T.
    In the present paper four myths of gender differences in scientific performance are presented and discussed. The persistence of these myths in different forms of evaluation is influencing the women's discriminations in research careers in combination with effects explained in other explanation models for the existence of the unseen barrier (glass ceiling) that keeps women from rising to the upper levels of the corporate ladder. © 2013 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Item type:Publication,
    The Matilda Effect in Science Communication: An Experiment on Gender Bias in Publication Quality Perceptions and Collaboration Interest Open PDF 
    (SAGE Publications Inc, 2013)
    Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia
    ;
    Glynn, Carroll J.
    ;
    Huge, Michael
    An experiment with 243 young communication scholars tested hypotheses derived from role congruity theory regarding impacts of author gender and gender typing of research topics on perceived quality of scientific publications and collaboration interest. Participants rated conference abstracts ostensibly authored by females or males, with author associations rotated. The abstracts fell into research areas perceived as gender-typed or gender-neutral to ascertain impacts from gender typing of topics. Publications from male authors were associated with greater scientific quality, in particular if the topic was male-typed. Collaboration interest was highest for male authors working on male-typed topics. Respondent sex did not influence these patterns.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Academic Snakes and Merit Ladders: Reconceptualising the “glass ceiling’ Open PDF 
    (1994)
    Heward, C.
    Evidence from the life history of a woman academic is used to support the argument that understandings of the underrepresentation of women in senior positions in higher education, the so-called c glass ceiling”require concepts about the interaction of process and structure. A radical reconceptualisation of the notion of academic merit encompassing diversity rather than a single hegemonic masculinity and measures advancing women as a group are required to address the problem. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
  • Item type:Publication,
    Bibliometric studies on gender disparities in science
    (2019)
    Halevi, G.
    Understanding gender related disparities in science is an essential step in tackling these issues. Through the years, bibliometric studies have designed several methodologies to analyze scholarly output and demonstrate that there are significant gaps between men and women in the scientific arena. However, gender identification in itself is an enormous challenge, since bibliographic data does not reveal it. These bibliometric studies not only focused on publication output and impact, but also on cross-referencing output, promotions and tenure data, and other related curriculum vitae (CV) information. This chapter discusses the challenges of tracking gender disparities in science through bibliometrics and reviews the various approaches taken by bibliometricians to identify gender and analyze the bibliographic data in order to point to gender disparities in science. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Communicating gender-equality progress, reduces social identity threats for women considering a research career Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Tellhed, U.
    ;
    Jansson, A.
    Since the majority of top-level researchers are men, how does this vertical gender-segregation affect students' perceptions of a research career? In the current study, an experimental manipulation either reminded students of academia's current dominance of men or of its improving gender-balance. The results showed that women primed with the dominance of men anticipated much higher social identity threats (e.g., fear of discrimination) in a future research career as compared to a control group. In contrast, women primed with the improving gender-balance anticipated much lower threat. Further, the dominance of men prime increased men's interest in the PhD program, as compared to controls. Women's interest was unaffected by the prime, but their lower interest as compared to men's across conditions was mediated by their lower research self-efficacy (i.e., competence beliefs). The results imply that communicating gender-equality progress may allow women to consider a career in research without the barrier of social identity threat. © 2018 by the authors.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Is there gender gap unequivocally? Evidence from research output 1958–2008 Open PDF 
    (2017)
    Poon, W.C.
    ;
    Leeves, G.D.
    Women academics publish less frequently than men, they may also be subject to discrimination and gender bias in men dominated disciplines. Citation metrics are advocated by assessment bodies and advisory agencies to standardise research assessment. We focus on the metrics suggested for assessment and newer metrics that capture additional dimensions of performance. Our data comes from a sample of accounting authors from 1958 to 2008. The results suggest that citation metrics that accommodate excess citations, such as the e-index, tend to treat women researchers more favourably, and offer an evaluation of research performance that is better able to reflect the type of research output profile that is more typical for women. © 2017, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Are Papers Written by Women Authors Cited Less Frequently? Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Esarey, J.
    ;
    Bryant, K.
    Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell (2018) find that a published article is more likely to cite at least one female-Authored paper if that article is itself authored by women. To complement their work, we study the number of times that an article in their data set is cited given that it has at least one female author. We find that articles with at least one female author are cited no more or less often than male-Authored articles once we control for the publishing journal and the number of authors. The importance of controlling for author count in our model suggests that spurious correlation and/or self-citation might explain at least some of the gender differences found by Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell (2018). Copyright © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Political Methodology.Â.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science Open PDF 
    (2011)
    Ceci, S.J.
    ;
    Williams, W.M.
    Explanations for women's underrepresentation in math-intensive fields of science often focus on sex discrimination in grant and manuscript reviewing, interviewing, and hiring. Claims that women scientists suffer discrimination in these arenas rest on a set of studies undergirding policies and programs aimed at remediation. More recent and robust empiricism, however, fails to support assertions of discrimination in these domains. To better understand women's underrepresentation in math-intensive fields and its causes, we reprise claims of discrimination and their evidentiary bases. Based on a review of the past 20 y of data, we suggest that some of these claims are no longer valid and, if uncritically accepted as current causes of women's lack of progress, can delay or prevent understanding of contemporary determinants of women's underrepresentation. We conclude that differential gendered outcomes in the real world result from differences in resources attributable to choices, whether free or constrained, and that such choices could be influenced and better informed through education if resources were so directed. Thus, the ongoing focus on sex discrimination in reviewing, interviewing, and hiring represents costly, misplaced effort: Society is engaged in the present in solving problems of the past, rather than in addressing meaningful limitations deterring women's participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers today. Addressing today's causes of underrepresentation requires focusing on education and policy changes that will make institutions responsive to differing biological realities of the sexes. Finally, we suggest potential avenues of intervention to increase gender fairness that accord with current, as opposed to historical, findings.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Academe's glass ceiling: Societal, professional-organizational, and institutional barriers to the career advancement of academic women Open PDF 
    (University of Chicago Press, 2000)
    Bain, O.
    ;
    Cummings, W.
    In recent decades women have relized significant gains in educational attainment and entry positions in many sector of the labor market. However, due to what some refer to as the glass ceiling, they have not achieved similar success in advancing to higher-level managerial and professional jobs. For example, in corporate America, 40 percent of all managerial workers are women, but women make up only 5 percent of senior managers. The special focus of this study is the academic profession. In the 10 university systems we investigated, women constitute one-third of all academics, but among fill professors only one of every 10 is women. A glass ceiling of unstated norms and distorted expectations is said to hinder women from reaching the top of academe.