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  • Item type:Publication,
    Factors associated with homophobia in medical students from eleven Peruvian universities. Open PDF 
    (2019)
    Nieto-Gutierrez, Wendy
    ;
    Komori-Pariona, Jorge K.
    ;
    Sánchez, Alice G.
    ;
    Centeno-Leguía, Dercy
    ;
    Arestegui-Sánchez, Liz
    BACKGROUND: The consequences of homophobia can affect the integrity, mental and physical health of homosexual individuals in society. There are few studies in Peru that have evaluated homophobia in the medical student population. OBJECTIVE: To establish the social, educational and cultural factors associated with homophobia among Peruvian medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 12 medicine schools in Peru. Homophobia was defined according to a validated test, which was associated with other variables. Statistical associations were identified. RESULTS: The lowest percentages of homophobic students (15-20%) were found in the four universities in Lima, while universities in the interior of the country had the highest percentages (22-62%). Performing a multivariate analysis, we found that the frequency of homophobia was lower for the following variables: the female gender (PRa=0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; p=0.005), studying at a university in Lima (PRa=0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.75; p<0.001), professing the Catholic religion (PRa=0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76; p<0.001), knowing a homosexual (PRa=0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90; p=0.003) and having treated a homosexual patient (PRa=0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.98; p=0.036). In contrast, the frequency of homophobia increased in male chauvinists (PRa=1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72; p=0.007), adjusted by four variables. CONCLUSIONS: Homophobia was less common in women, in those who study in the capital, those who profess Catholicism and those who know/have treated a homosexual. In contrast, male chauvinists were more homophobic.
  • Item type:Publication,
    A bibliometric study of women researchers in early organizational structures of exact sciences and engineering in Mexico from 1900 to 2000 Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Morales, M.E.L.
    ;
    Morales, E.L.
    The scientific production of Mexico registered in Web of Science from 1900-2000 in the areas of Exact Sciences and Engineering is analyzed to describe the way in which female researchers are integrated in the development of these fields of study. The paper employs a quantitative bibliometric method, applying indicators of gender, scientific output and impact, and analysis of bibliometric networks of co-authorship. In Mexico, researchers in exact sciences and engineering published their first papers in the first half of the 20th century, but female researchers working in Syn-tex laboratories did not publish until the 1940s. As more women joined faculties in higher education and research centers in the 60s and 70s, publication by female researchers began to increase accordingly. This growth also appears to be associated with changes in career choice by women. While the contributions of this work represent an advantage for the scientific community itself, they also are useful for organizations that promote gender equity and institutions that integrate female researchers in this field of study. © 2018, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Male Chauvinism Among Peruvian Medical Students: Related Socio-Educational Factors in 12 Peruvian Universities. Open PDF 
    (2019)
    Mejia, Christian R.
    ;
    Pulido-Flores, Jordy
    ;
    Quiñones-Laveriano, Dante M.
    ;
    Nieto-Gutierrez, Wendy
    ;
    Heredia, Paula
    INTRODUCTION: Male chauvinism is rooted in certain populations, but it has not been measured among those who will be responsible for healthcare. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with male chauvinism among the medical students of 12 Peruvian universities. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentre analytical study, with previously collected data, which used validated tests to measure male chauvinism and strong religious beliefs. In addition, other social and educational factors were analysed and the data was crossed. Descriptive and analytical statistics were obtained. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, we found an association between male chauvinism and religious non-believers (RP=1.88; 95% CI, 1.47-2.40), as well as being female (RP=0.35; 95% CI, 0.27-0.46). Of the 12 universities evaluated, the least chauvinistic university was in Lima. Using this university as a comparison category, the statistically more chauvinistic universities were a private university in Chiclayo (α=3.63; p<0.001), followed by a university in Huancayo (α=3.20; p=0.001), Huancayo national university (α=2.79; p<0.001) and the public university of Ica (α=2.32; p=0.006); the crossed data were adjusted for age. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that male chauvinism is greater among non-religious believers, men and in some universities, with a predominance of universities in the central highlands of Peru or that had migrants from the mountains. This is important, since it gives us an overview about this trait in those who will be responsible for the future healthcare of Peruvians.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Spanish scientific production in literature through a gender perspective in the web of science (1975-2017) Open PDF 
    (2019)
    Haba-Osca, J.
    ;
    Osca-Lluch, J.
    ;
    González-Sala, F.
    A comparative study disaggregated by sex about the scientific production in the literature of researchers working in Spanish institutions, has identified 806 authors who have published some literature work in journals indexed in the WoS until 2017, and analyzed comparatively their productivity and collaboration patterns considering the sex variable. It was found that 55.51% of the authors identified were men, compared to 44.49% of women. The results show that men predominate among the major producers in the field of literature. While among moderate producers (2 to 5) works, 50.36% of the authors identified were men, compared to 49.64% of women. Although works realized individually predominate, as it happens in other scientific disciplines, it is observed that there is an increase of works written in collaboration. I was also observed that collaborative works done between 3 or 4 authors are made up by groups formed by men and women. As conclusion it could be indicated that in the Spanish literature gender equality does not yet exist, especially when considering the elite of the research. It is fundamental to deepen and continue carrying out studies that evaluate the evolution and trends in a disaggregated way by sex, to undertake the corrective measures necessary to achieve gender equality. © 2019, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender analysis of Spanish scientific publications in the area of substance abuse in biomedicine 1999-2004
    (2007)
    González-Alcaide, G.
    ;
    Valderrama-Zurián, J.C.
    ;
    Navarro-Molina, C.
    ;
    Alonso-Arroyo, A.
    ;
    Bolaños-Pizarro, M.
    Background and objective: Concern for encouraging gender equality makes it one of the high priority spheres of action for governments and organisations responsible for instigating scientific policies, with particular importance being placed on including the gender variable in evaluative analyses of scientific and technological activity. A comparative study was made, broken down by gender, of the scientific output of Spanish researchers with a high production in the field of substance abuse. Material and method: We identified the gender of 338 authors who had published more than four different articles during the period from 1999-2004 and which were indexed in the IME/Índice Médico Español and the SCI/Science Citation Index databases, making a comparative analysis of their output and collaboration patterns, based on the gender variable. Results: In the area of substance abuse, of those with the highest output (> 9 papers), 70% were men compared with 30% women. Among the average producers (5-9 papers), 57% of the authors identified were men and 43% women. Statistically significant differences were observed between men and women with the highest output with regard to the number of published works and those with whom they had collaborated. Conclusions: There is no gender equality in the area of substance abuse, particularly when considering the top researchers. It is essential to make in-depth studies that evaluate scientific output, broken down by gender, in order to adopt the necessary corrective measures to eliminate the disparity between men and women.
  • Item type:Publication,
    World scientific production analysis in forced sterilization of women with disabilities between 1997-2016 Open PDF 
    (2019)
    Yupanqui Concha, A.
    ;
    Ferrer Pérez, V.A.
    Objective: To explore world scientific production in forced sterilization of women with disabilities between 1997 and 2016, written in English and Spanish. Method: We carried out a descriptive, retrospective longitudinal study. The bibliometrics indicators of productivity, collaboration and subject-matter were studied. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) was used as an evidence-based framework to evaluate original articles and literature reviews. Results: A total of 139 documents were studied, in which 114 institutions from 24 countries participated. The results show that the greatest productivity was between 2007 and 2016, with predominance of studies written by female authors, based on literature review methodology, written in the English language. The majority of the authors were affiliated with a university and from activism of women with disabilities rather than any other organization. Conclusions: It is concluded that while insufficiently explored in either language, there is a growing interest in this issue. There is a prominent focus in the literature on denunciation of this practice as a violation of human rights, with greater emphasis after The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Violence against women with disabilities is a global health problem; one of its manifestations has been the practice of forced sterilization, which has received relatively little attention in the literature. Governments, health professionals and communities must have access to this knowledge, awareness and the likelihood of eradicating all forms of violence must be increased. © 2018 SESPAS
  • Item type:Publication,
    Bibliometric analysis of the situation of female researchers in the fields of social sciences and law in Spain Open PDF 
    (2011)
    Torres-Salinas, D.
    ;
    Muñoz-Muñoz, A.M.
    ;
    Jiménez-Contreras, E.
    This paper presents a bibliometric study analyzing the productivity and citations of female researchers in the fields of social sciences and law in Spain, within the context of Spanish scientific journals. The study was based on the rankings of researchers included in the Índice de Impacto de las Revistas Españolas de Ciencias Sociales (INRECS) and Índice de Impacto de las Revistas Españolas de Ciencias Jurídicas (INRECJ). Eleven different scientific disciplines were analyzed and the final sample consisted of 3,370 researchers, of whom 30 % were women. To study gender differences four variables were selected and analyzed: number of papers, number of citations, number of international citations and citation average. The results show that women in the 11 areas studied have both a lower productivity and a lower number of citations. On the other hand, in some areas women do receive a greater number of international citations and in almost all areas achieve higher citation averages. However the presence of women in the rankings and among the Spanish research elite is still small.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Female authorship in the revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica: Analysis for the period 1997-2017 Open PDF 
    (2019)
    García-Aguilar, D.
    ;
    Heredia-Mimbela, I.
    ;
    Pereyra-Elías, R.
    Objectives. To explore female authorship trends among the articles published in the Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública between 1997 and 2017, as well as its association with characteristics of the research teams. Materials and Methods. We conducted a bibliometric analysis. We evaluated time trends of several forms of female participation in authorship, including “privileged authorship roles” (first author, corresponding author and senior author) and the proportion of female authors (out of the total number of authors). We compared female authorship according to the participation of medical doctors and authors from non-Peruvian institutions. Results. We analysed 1606/1621 articles; 46.3% were original articles. 63.5% had at least one female author, whilst 92.8% had at least one male author. A woman was the first, corresponding or senior author in 29.6%, 27.8% and 26.9% of the articles, respectively. 33% of authors per article were female (median). These figures did not considerably vary between the start and end of the study period. For original articles, female authorship was less likely if medical doctors were listed in the privileged authorship roles and more likely, if authors from non-Peruvian institutions were. Editorial processing times were longer when a woman served a privileged authorship role. Conclusions. Women served privileged authorship roles in less than a third of all articles. Apparently, these gaps have not improved over time. The composition of the research team predicts female authorship. © 2019, Instituto Nacional de Salud. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Brecha de género en la autoría de artículos publicados en el Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México Open PDF 
    (2018)
    Estrada-Ramírez, K.P.
    ;
    Miranda-Lora, A.L.
    ;
    Sandoval-Quiroa, R.C.
    ;
    Ávila-Montiel, D.
    ;
    Mier-Prado, M.J.
    Introducción: La participación de las mujeres en medicina ha incrementado en las últimas décadas, incluyendo mayor representatividad en la autoría de artículos científicos en diversos países y distintas especialidades. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las diferencias de género en la autoría de artículos a través de la historia del Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico de los artículos originales publicados en los años 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 y 2013. Se identificó el género de los autores, tipo de autoría (primer autor o autor correspondiente) y el diseño de estudio (descriptivo vs. analítico). Se evaluó la diferencia en la proporción de género y la tendencia en el tiempo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 272 artículos. Se observó una reducción en la brecha de género entre 1953 y 2013. La participación de las mujeres como primeras autoras incrementó del 2 al 63% (p < 0.001) y como correspondiente del 27 al 59% (p < 0.001). Al considerar únicamente estudios analíticos, el incremento fue del 25 al 50% como primera autora (p = 0.03), con un cambio similar como autor correspondiente, pero sin una tendencia significativa en el tiempo (p = 0.19). La reducción en la brecha de género fue más notoria a partir del periodo 1983-1993. Conclusiones: En las últimas décadas ha existido un incremento significativo en la autoría de las mujeres en el Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, llegando incluso a una mayor proporción en relación con el sexo masculino. Lo anterior es un reflejo del papel actual de las mujeres en la medicina; en particular, en el área pediátrica. Background: Women’s participation in medicine has increased in the last decades, with greater representativeness in the authorship of scientific articles in many countries and different specialties. The objective of this research was to analyze the gender gap in the authorship of articles through the history of the medical journal Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México. Methods: In a bibliometric analysis, we reviewed original articles published during the years 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013. The gender of the author, type of authorship (first author or corresponding author) and the design of the study (descriptive vs analytic) were identified. We evaluated the difference between gender proportion and trends over time. Results: We included 272 articles. We observed a gender gap reduction between 1953 and 2013. The participation of women as first author increased from 2 to 63% (p < 0.001) and as corresponding author from 27 to 59% (p < 0.001). If we include only analytic studies, the increasing was 25 to 50% as first author (p = 0.03), with a similar tendency as corresponding author, but without a statistical significant on time (p = 0.19). We observed the most notable change since 1983-1993. Conclusions: In the last decades, there has been a significant increase in women´s authorship in the medical journal Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, even reaching a greater proportion against male gender. This reflects the present role of women in medicine, particularly in pediatrics. Copyright: © 2018 SecretarÍa de Salud.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender gap in the authorship of published articles in the boletín médico del hospital infantil de México
    (2018)
    Estrada-Ramírez, K.P.
    ;
    Miranda-Lora, A.L.
    ;
    Sandoval-Quiroa, R.C.
    ;
    Ávila-Montiel, D.
    ;
    Mier-Prado, M.J.
    Background: Women’s participation in medicine has increased in the last decades, with greater representativeness in the authorship of scientific articles in many countries and different specialties. The objective of this research was to analyze the gender gap in the authorship of articles through the history of the medical journal Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México. Methods: In a bibliometric analysis, we reviewed original articles published during the years 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2013. The gender of the author, the type of authorship (first author or corresponding author), and the design of the study (descriptive vs. analytic) were identified. We evaluated the difference between gender proportion and trends over time. Results: We included 272 articles. We observed a gender gap reduction between 1953 and 2013. The participation of women as the first author increased from 2% to 63% (p < 0.001) and as the corresponding author from 27% to 59% (p < 0.001). If we include only analytic studies, the increase was 25-50% as the first author (p = 0.03), with a similar tendency as the corresponding author, but without a statistical significance on time (p = 0.19). We observed the most notable change in the 1983-1993 period. Conclusions: In the last decades, there has been a significant increase in women’s authorship in the medical journal Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, even reaching a greater proportion versus the male gender. This increase reflects the present role of women in medicine, particularly in pediatrics. © 2018. Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, published by Permanyer México SA de CV, all rights reserved.