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The Study of Gender Equality in Information Sciences Research Institutions in Lithuania
(Springer International Publishing, 2017)
Limanauskiene, Virginija
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Rutkauskiene, Danguole
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Kersiene, Vitalija
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Bareisa, Eduardas
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Damasevicius, Robertas
The aim of this paper is to define the problem and to present the gender equality gaps existing in Information Sciences and Technology (IST) research institutions in Lithuania and to deeply analyze the problem in case study. The paper presents some research results of the ongoing H2020-EU.5.b. project EQUAL-IST Gender Equality Plans for Information Sciences and Technology Research Institutions (2016–2019). We analyzed the works of different authors and selected the factors that limit successful scientific carrier in the IST research: gender stereotypes in labor market, unconscious bias among managers, work- life balance, women’s confidence and aspirations. In paper we provide evidence of findings by statistical data of Lithuania. Among all the countries, Lithuania has a gear average of young people looking for a career in computing or engineering, but women are paid less salary; IST economics sector and research of Lithuania needs talented qualified women and men. We analyze students’ gender equality context in Informatics Faculty KTU: amounts of students, degrees of graduates, correlation with study programs. Also we provide results of analysis of staff structure, gender distribution, wages.
Women in Surgery Open PDF
(American Medical Association (AMA), 2006-04-01)
Gargiulo, Debra A.
HYPOTHESIS: Women are deterred from a surgical career owing to a lack of role models rather than lifestyle considerations. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Surgery and obstetrics/gynecology attending physicians, residents, and medical students. INTERVENTION: Questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Potential deterrents to a surgical career. RESULTS: Men and women had a similar interest in a surgical career before their surgical rotation (64% vs 53%, P = .68). A similar percentage developed a mentor (40.0% vs 45.9%, P = .40). Women were far more likely to perceive sex discrimination (46.7% vs 20.4%, P = .002), most often from male attending physicians (33.3%) or residents (31.1%). Women were less likely to be deterred by diminishing rewards (4.4% vs 21.6%, P = .003) or workload considerations (28.9% vs 49.0%, P = .02). They were also less likely to cite family concerns as a deterrent (47.8% vs 66.7%, P = .02) and equally likely to be deterred by lifestyle during residency (83.3% vs 76.5%, P = .22). However, women were more likely to be deterred by perceptions of the "surgical personality" (40.0% vs 21.6%, P = .03) and the perception of surgery as an "old boys' club" (22.2% vs 3.9%, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Men and women are very similar in what they consider important in deciding on a surgical career. Women are not more likely to be deterred by lifestyle, workload issues, or lack of role models. However, the perceived surgical personality and surgical culture is a sex-specific deterrence to a career in surgery for women.
Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions: Data from Berkeley Open PDF
(American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1975-02-07)
Bickel, P. J.
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Hammel, E. A.
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O'Connell, J. W.
Examination of aggregate data on graduate admissions to the University of California, Berkeley, for fall 1973 shows a clear but misleading pattern of bias against female applicants. Examination of the disaggregated data reveals few decision-making units that show statistically significant departures from expected frequencies of female admissions, and about as many units appear to favor women as to favor men. If the data are properly pooled, taking into account the autonomy of departmental decision making, thus correcting for the tendency of women to apply to graduate departments that are more difficult for applicants of either sex to enter, there is a small but statistically significant bias in favor of women. The graduate departments that are easier to enter tend to be those that require more mathematics in the undergraduate preparatory curriculum. The bias in the aggregated data stems not from any pattern of discrimination on the part of admissions committees, which seem quite fair on the whole, but apparently from prior screening at earlier levels of the educational system. Women are shunted by their socialization and education toward fields of graduate study that are generally more crowded, less productive of completed degrees, and less well funded, and that frequently offer poorer professional employment prospects.
Advancing gender equality through the Athena SWAN Charter for Women in Science: An exploratory study of women's and men's perceptions Open PDF
(BioMed Central Ltd., 2017)
Ovseiko, P.V.
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Chapple, A.
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Edmunds, L.D.
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Ziebland, S.
Background: While in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia, higher education and research institutions are widely engaged with the Athena SWAN Charter for Women in Science to advance gender equality, empirical research on this process and its impact is rare. This study combined two data sets (free- text comments from a survey and qualitative interviews) to explore the range of experiences and perceptions of participation in Athena SWAN in medical science departments of a research-intensive university in Oxford, United Kingdom. Methods: The study is based on the secondary analysis of data from two projects: 59 respondents to an anonymous online survey (42 women, 17 men) provided relevant free-text comments and, separately, 37 women participated in face-to-face narrative interviews. Free-text survey comments and narrative interviews were analysed thematically using constant comparison. Results: Both women and men said that participation in Athena SWAN had brought about important structural and cultural changes, including increased support for women's careers, greater appreciation of caring responsibilities, and efforts to challenge discrimination and bias. Many said that these positive changes would not have happened without linkage of Athena SWAN to government research funding, while others thought there were unintended consequences. Concerns about the programme design and implementation included a perception that Athena SWAN has limited ability to address longstanding and entrenched power and pay imbalances, persisting lack of work-life balance in academic medicine, questions about the sustainability of positive changes, belief that achieving the award could become an end in itself, resentment about perceived positive discrimination, and perceptions that further structural and cultural changes were needed in the university and wider society. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that Athena SWAN has a positive impact in advancing gender equality, but there may be limits to how much it can improve gender equality without wider institutional and societal changes. To address the fundamental causes of gender inequality would require cultural change and welfare state policies incentivising men to increase their participation in unpaid work in the family, which is beyond the scope of higher education and research policy. © 2017 The Author(s).
Gender gaps in North American research productivity: Examining faculty publication rates in Mexico, Canada, and the U.S.
(Sense Publishers, 2012)
Padilla-González, L.E.
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Metcalfe, A.S.
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Galaz-Fontes, J.F.
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Fisher, D.
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Snee, I.S.
The scholarly impact of articles published by men and women in psychology journals Open PDF
(1990)
Over, R.
In considering whether men and women produce research of equal quality, it needs to be asked not whether similar numbers of important contributions come from men and women (since numerically there have been more men than women among researchers), but whether the proportion of women active in research who make important contributions is the same as the proportion of men active in research who make important contributions. A search of entries in the 1985 edition of Social Sciences Citation Index located 564 articles from psychology journals which had attracted 15 or more citations. The sex ratio among senior authors of these high-impact articles was compared with the sex-ratio among senior authors of low-impact articles published in the same journals. The majority of high-impact articles had been published by men, but so had most low-impact articles. When allowance was made for the different numerical representation of the two sexes among authors, there was no evidence that men and women differ in terms of the impact of articles they publish. The results are discussed in the context of methodological issues in evaluation of sex differences in scientific performance, as well as with reference to the limited recognition that women so far have gained for research achievement in psychology. © 1990 Akadémiai Kiadó.
Sex Disparities in Authorship Order of Cardiology Scientific Publications Open PDF
(2018)
Ouyang, David
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Sing, David
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Shah, Sonia
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Hu, Jiaqi
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Duvernoy, Claire
BACKGROUND: Despite advances in the representation of women in medical training, women continue to be underrepresented in cardiology, academic medicine, and more specifically, in senior positions within academic medicine. Identifying disparities in research productivity and acknowledgment can highlight barriers to female representation in academic cardiology leadership, as well as in academic promotion. METHODS AND RESULTS: This bibliometric analysis included all authors of original research articles between 1980 and 2017 from 3 high-impact cardiology journals ( Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Circulation, and European Heart Journal). We identified 71 345 unique authors of 55 085 primary research articles during our study period. Female authors accounted for 33.1% of all authors; however, they represented only 26.7% of first authors and 19.7% of senior authors. Looking at the most prolific authors within this time period, female authors were not well represented, accounting for only 5% of the top 100 authors. Articles with a female senior author had more female middle authors than articles with a male senior author (mean 1.41 versus 0.97, P<0.001) and were more likely to have a female first author (0.37 versus 0.18, P<0.001). There was an increased representation of female authors as first and senior authors compared with the total number of articles with female authors over time ( P<0.001 for trend); however, female senior authorship rates continued to lag first authorship rates. CONCLUSIONS: Using a large database of published manuscripts, we found that female representation in published cardiology research has increased over the past 4 decades. However, women continue to be not well represented as first authors, senior authors, and in the number of publications. When women were senior authors, they published more articles with female first authors and had more female authors. In addition to recruiting more women into the field of cardiology, additional work is needed to identify and address barriers to academic advancement for female physician-scientists.
Female authorship in Latin American pediatric journals Open PDF
(2017)
Otero, P.
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Marcos, C.
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Ferrero, F.
Introduction. The participation of women in science increases every day. Here we estimated their participation in authorship in three Latin American pediatric journals indexed in PubMed. Methods. All articles published in 2015 in the Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría, the Jornal de Pediatría and the Revista Chilena de Pediatría were identified, and the first and last authors and the total number of authors by sex were determined. Results. A total of 329 articles were identified. Out of 1432 authors, 59.9% were women. Also, 54.4% of all first authors and 48% of last authors were women. No significant difference was observed in female authorship ratio among the three journals. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría had a significantly lower number of women as first and last authors. Conclusion. Women authorship ratio across three Latin American pediatric journals reached 59.9%. Their role as first or last authors was significantly lower in the Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría. © 2017 Sociedad Argentina de Pediatria. All rights reserved.
Gender divergence in academics’ representation and research productivity: a Nigerian case study Open PDF
(2017)
Opesade, A.O.
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Famurewa, K.F.
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Igwe, E.G.
Gender equity is increasingly seen as an indicator of development and global acceptance in networks of higher education. Despite this, gender divergence in research productivity of academics coupled with under-representation of women in science has been reported to beset female’s scholarly activities. Previous studies provide differing results, hence a need for each academic institution to know its status for the purpose of formulating appropriate policy towards achieving gender equity without trading off productivity. Using a scientometric method, the present study investigates the representation and research productivity of male and female lecturers in the Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan. The study shows that while female lecturers are significantly less represented in the faculty and publish in journals having lower impact factors, their research productivity in terms of number of publications and citation impact are significantly not different from those of their male counterparts. © 2017 Association for Tertiary Education Management and the LH Martin Institute for Tertiary Education Leadership and Management.
Gender (im)balances in teaching and research activities in Brazil
(2011)
Olinto, G.
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Leta, J.
Gender differences in teaching and research activities in Brazilian universities is the main focus of this paper. We point out initially that teaching and research are inseparable and necessary activities in graduate programs in the country, especially in public universities. We take into account the characteristics of gender relations, as well as the lower prestige attributed to teaching responsibilities relative to involvement with research and, above all, to publication of research results. Data presented here were obtained from data bases made available by governmental agencies responsible for general statistics and for evaluating educational and scientific programs and policies. Women progresses in education and their participation as human resources in science and technology in the country is considered, with emphasis given to the description of the category of teachers. Analyses of gender differences in teaching and research in graduate programs of a major Brazilian university, involving almost 2000 researchers are presented. Evidence suggests that women receive a larger share of teaching assignments which might jeopardize their involvement with research, as well as their publication outcomes. Literature that might help understand gender division of labor in science and subordination of women in society in general is discussed. © 2011 Proceedings of ISSI 2011 - 13th Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics.

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