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  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender gaps in North American research productivity: Examining faculty publication rates in Mexico, Canada, and the U.S.
    (Sense Publishers, 2012)
    Padilla-González, L.E.
    ;
    Metcalfe, A.S.
    ;
    Galaz-Fontes, J.F.
    ;
    Fisher, D.
    ;
    Snee, I.S.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Female authorship in Latin American pediatric journals Open PDF 
    (2017)
    Otero, P.
    ;
    Marcos, C.
    ;
    Ferrero, F.
    Introduction. The participation of women in science increases every day. Here we estimated their participation in authorship in three Latin American pediatric journals indexed in PubMed. Methods. All articles published in 2015 in the Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría, the Jornal de Pediatría and the Revista Chilena de Pediatría were identified, and the first and last authors and the total number of authors by sex were determined. Results. A total of 329 articles were identified. Out of 1432 authors, 59.9% were women. Also, 54.4% of all first authors and 48% of last authors were women. No significant difference was observed in female authorship ratio among the three journals. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría had a significantly lower number of women as first and last authors. Conclusion. Women authorship ratio across three Latin American pediatric journals reached 59.9%. Their role as first or last authors was significantly lower in the Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría. © 2017 Sociedad Argentina de Pediatria. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender (im)balances in teaching and research activities in Brazil
    (2011)
    Olinto, G.
    ;
    Leta, J.
    Gender differences in teaching and research activities in Brazilian universities is the main focus of this paper. We point out initially that teaching and research are inseparable and necessary activities in graduate programs in the country, especially in public universities. We take into account the characteristics of gender relations, as well as the lower prestige attributed to teaching responsibilities relative to involvement with research and, above all, to publication of research results. Data presented here were obtained from data bases made available by governmental agencies responsible for general statistics and for evaluating educational and scientific programs and policies. Women progresses in education and their participation as human resources in science and technology in the country is considered, with emphasis given to the description of the category of teachers. Analyses of gender differences in teaching and research in graduate programs of a major Brazilian university, involving almost 2000 researchers are presented. Evidence suggests that women receive a larger share of teaching assignments which might jeopardize their involvement with research, as well as their publication outcomes. Literature that might help understand gender division of labor in science and subordination of women in society in general is discussed. © 2011 Proceedings of ISSI 2011 - 13th Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Scientific production in Brazilian Research Institutes: Do institutional context, background characteristics and academic tasks contribute to gender differences?
    (2015)
    Olinto, G.
    ;
    Leta, J.
    Despite the recent changes that occurred in the Brazilian science, this field is still strongly anchored on male figures, as it happened at the beginning of its institutionalization. This paper detaches the contribution of Brazilian Research Institutes for the development of Brazilian science and the importance of contextual, background and academic tasks involvement in scientific production in those institutes, giving special attention to gender differences. Data from government graduate programs evaluation forms were obtained for the analyses presented here which take into account all professor-researchers-890 women and 1,470 men-affiliated to 72 graduate programs under the responsibility of 31 Brazilian Research Institutes (BRI), the majority of which supported by the Federal Government. The main findings include: women are a minority in those institutes, are concentrated in the health and biological sciences, show higher scientific production than their male colleagues, especially in journal articles and among those involved in highly evaluated graduate programs. We believe the set of results presented in this paper may contribute to a better understanding of women's participation not only in BRI, which are dedicated to specific scientific areas, but also in Brazilian science in general and so contribute to gender governmental policy.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Factors associated with homophobia in medical students from eleven Peruvian universities. Open PDF 
    (2019)
    Nieto-Gutierrez, Wendy
    ;
    Komori-Pariona, Jorge K.
    ;
    Sánchez, Alice G.
    ;
    Centeno-Leguía, Dercy
    ;
    Arestegui-Sánchez, Liz
    BACKGROUND: The consequences of homophobia can affect the integrity, mental and physical health of homosexual individuals in society. There are few studies in Peru that have evaluated homophobia in the medical student population. OBJECTIVE: To establish the social, educational and cultural factors associated with homophobia among Peruvian medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 12 medicine schools in Peru. Homophobia was defined according to a validated test, which was associated with other variables. Statistical associations were identified. RESULTS: The lowest percentages of homophobic students (15-20%) were found in the four universities in Lima, while universities in the interior of the country had the highest percentages (22-62%). Performing a multivariate analysis, we found that the frequency of homophobia was lower for the following variables: the female gender (PRa=0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; p=0.005), studying at a university in Lima (PRa=0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.75; p<0.001), professing the Catholic religion (PRa=0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76; p<0.001), knowing a homosexual (PRa=0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90; p=0.003) and having treated a homosexual patient (PRa=0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.98; p=0.036). In contrast, the frequency of homophobia increased in male chauvinists (PRa=1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72; p=0.007), adjusted by four variables. CONCLUSIONS: Homophobia was less common in women, in those who study in the capital, those who profess Catholicism and those who know/have treated a homosexual. In contrast, male chauvinists were more homophobic.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Male Chauvinism Among Peruvian Medical Students: Related Socio-Educational Factors in 12 Peruvian Universities. Open PDF 
    (2019)
    Mejia, Christian R.
    ;
    Pulido-Flores, Jordy
    ;
    Quiñones-Laveriano, Dante M.
    ;
    Nieto-Gutierrez, Wendy
    ;
    Heredia, Paula
    INTRODUCTION: Male chauvinism is rooted in certain populations, but it has not been measured among those who will be responsible for healthcare. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with male chauvinism among the medical students of 12 Peruvian universities. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentre analytical study, with previously collected data, which used validated tests to measure male chauvinism and strong religious beliefs. In addition, other social and educational factors were analysed and the data was crossed. Descriptive and analytical statistics were obtained. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, we found an association between male chauvinism and religious non-believers (RP=1.88; 95% CI, 1.47-2.40), as well as being female (RP=0.35; 95% CI, 0.27-0.46). Of the 12 universities evaluated, the least chauvinistic university was in Lima. Using this university as a comparison category, the statistically more chauvinistic universities were a private university in Chiclayo (α=3.63; p<0.001), followed by a university in Huancayo (α=3.20; p=0.001), Huancayo national university (α=2.79; p<0.001) and the public university of Ica (α=2.32; p=0.006); the crossed data were adjusted for age. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that male chauvinism is greater among non-religious believers, men and in some universities, with a predominance of universities in the central highlands of Peru or that had migrants from the mountains. This is important, since it gives us an overview about this trait in those who will be responsible for the future healthcare of Peruvians.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Is there a 'gender gap' in authorship of the main Brazilian psychiatric journals at the beginning of the 21st century? Open PDF 
    (2011)
    Mendlowicz, M.V.
    ;
    Coutinho, E.S.F.
    ;
    Laks, J.
    ;
    Fontenelle, L.F.
    ;
    Valença, A.M.
    The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of a "gender gap" in the authorship of the four most important peer-reviewed psychiatric journals in Brazil and to quantify its magnitude. In addition, we examined the patterns of change in this gap during the period extending from 2001 to 2008 and variations according to the total number of authors, the type of article (original vs. non-original studies), and the journals themselves. A total of 1,036 articles were analyzed. We found that the proportion of female overall participation has increased from 2001 to 2008. Nevertheless, the incremental rate was accounted mostly by the growth of the participation in non-original articles. While the average annual increment for original articles was virtually null (.01%), for the non-original articles the corresponding figure was 3.7%. We also found that the chance of a woman being first author was about three times greater in original papers as compared to non-original ones at the beginning of the study period; this differential declined by 11% per year during this period. A different pattern emerged from the analysis of female last authorship. Year of publication and type of study were still associated with the chance of a woman being the last author but without interaction. Further, the journals themselves were found to be related with female last authorship: the chance of a woman being the last author in an article published in the Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria was significantly smaller than in the other three journals. Our findings indicate clearly that some progress in being achieved in eliminating the gender gap also in field of Psychiatry and highlight the need for further research in this area. © 2010 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Science in Brazil: Contribution of male and female scientists
    (2007)
    Leta, J.
    ;
    Teixeira, F.M.
    The establishment of science is a very recent event in most of the countries located in the south hemisphere. Training human resources for scientific and technological activities seems to be a means to reduce the scientific and technological gap between the two hemispheres. In this process, human diversity, including gender, may play an important role. This study presents data on the scientific publication output of male and female scientists from Brazil. Our aim is to identify some publishing trends, which may contribute to the debate on consequences that emerge from the imbalance between males and females participation in the scientific community, including administrative positions in academia.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Gender and academic roles in graduate programs: Analyses of Brazilian government data
    (2013)
    Leta, J.
    ;
    Olinto, G.
    ;
    Batista, P.D.
    ;
    Borges, E.P.
    Brazilian researchers affiliated to graduate programs play a major role in scientific and technological development in the country. Hence, they have to cope with various academic roles, especially the core one: teaching. Considering Boudieu's concept of 'scientific capital', this study aims at investigating whether female and male teacher-researchers have an equal share of academic activities with low 'scientific capital' return, such as teaching undergraduate courses, and high 'scientific capital' return, such as publication of journal articles. Official data from Brazilian Ministry of Education with information about the population of more than 52 thousand teacher-researchers, and available in 6,741 pdf files, were gathered in a single data matrix. Indicators of academic tasks and productivity were generated. Data analyses for the whole population did not show differences between gender and tasks. Nevertheless, analyses focusing on specific scientific areas indicated that in some fields women are having a larger share of less valued tasks than men: a burden that might help to explain the difference in productivity favoring men in these fields. As gender in science and technology is still an issue of high interest, our study aims at contributing to a better understanding of gender boundaries in this field. © AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Vienna 2013.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Productivity patterns of men and women scientists in Venezuela Open PDF 
    (1992)
    Lemoine, W.
    This paper examines the applicability of Lotka's formulation as a general inverse power (α≠2) and as an inverse square power relationship (α=2) to the distribution of the scientific output in Venezuela. The analysis takes into consideration the sex of the authors and the type of journal, mainstream or national, in which they publish their articles. The data were taken from the last census of scientists and technologists carried out in 1983 by the Venezuelan government. A K-S and a t-test were applied to measure the degree of agreement between the distribution of the observed set of data against the inverse general power relationship (the former test) and the theoretical value of α=2 (the latter). It was found that a general inverse power relationship only describes the productivity pattern of those Venezuelan women scientists who publish in foreign journals. An inverse square power relationship characterizes the distribution pattern for the data set of female authors in all journals and for scientists of both sexes whose contributions appeared in national journals. The values of α suggest that women are less productive than men except in national journals, and Lotka's formulation seems to be useful as an indicator of inequality in male/female scientific productivity. © 1992 Akadémiai Kiadó.