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Gender bias in female physician assessments: Women considered better suited for qualitative research Open PDF
(2002)
Johansson, E.E.
;
Risberg, G.
;
Hamberg, K.
;
Westman, G.
Objective - To analyse whether physician assessment of scientific quality is biased by gender. Design - Two fictive research abstracts on back pain treatment were constructed, one with a quantitative and one with a qualitative design. Authorship was assigned to either a woman or a man. Subjects - 1637 randomly selected Swedish physicians were asked to judge the scientific quality of the two designs in a structured assessment form. Main outcome measures - The assessments of 1364 abstracts (286 female and 394 male assessors) were analysed by chi-square test and logistic regression. Results - The quantitative design was judged the same, regardless of the gender of the author or assessor. The qualitative design, however, was ranked as more accurate, trustworthy, relevant and interesting with a female author. Women assessors upgraded female authors more than male authors, while male assessors reflected no gender differences. Assessor speciality interacted with judgement; physicians in primary care appreciated the qualitative abstract more than hospital physicians did (OR 2.78; 95% CI 1.97-3.92). Conclusion - Gender seems to affect scientific evaluations. The results are worth considering in situations where research is judged and interpreted, in medical tutoring, research guidance, peer reviewing and certainly in forming evaluation committees for research funding.
The norm of universalism in sciences. Social origin and gender of researchers in Denmark Open PDF
(2001)
Andersen, H.
Implied by the norm of universalism in modern science, known from Merton's CUDOS-norm set, is the demand that scientific careers should be open to talents, independent of personal attributes such as race, religion, class, and gender. In spite of a large amount of studies related to CUDOS-norms very few deals with class origin of researchers. Based on a survey among a sample of 788 Danish researchers this article investigates class bias, compared to gender bias in researcher recruitment and careers, and researcher assessments of impartiality and objectivity of evaluations and reward system. The data demonstrate very strong class bias, and also confirm the well-known gender bias in recruitment, class bias being the strongest. This is shown to be mainly because of bias in the educational system, however. Concerning later career attainment bias is also found, but much weaker, and most pronounced concerning social origin. Regarding researcher assessments of impartiality there are no indications of strong mistrust among researchers in general; nor are there significant differences in degree of trust in reward system, conditioned by class origin or gender. In conclusion, the analysis does not lend strong support to an assumption of deviance from norms of universalism.
An assessment protocol for gender analysis of medical literature Open PDF
(1999)
Alexanderson, K.
Although medical research has been criticized for gender bias, few studies have dealt with how such bias affects medical education and textbooks. There is an extensive body of literature showing that most scientific research has been performed by men on men or on male laboratory animals. The male is often considered the norm, the female the exception. This probably has a significant impact on the training of medical students, which is often gender biased, as well as on medical practice. A few studies have actually evaluated medical textbooks from a gender perspective, but a standard instrument or protocol is needed for such assessment. The present work, which was commissioned by a Swedish university, entailed the construction of an instrument that will facilitate gender analysis of medical textbooks.

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