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  • Item type:Publication,
    Academic Snakes and Merit Ladders: Reconceptualising the “glass ceiling’ Open PDF 
    (1994)
    Heward, C.
    Evidence from the life history of a woman academic is used to support the argument that understandings of the underrepresentation of women in senior positions in higher education, the so-called c glass ceiling”require concepts about the interaction of process and structure. A radical reconceptualisation of the notion of academic merit encompassing diversity rather than a single hegemonic masculinity and measures advancing women as a group are required to address the problem. © 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
  • Item type:Publication,
    Academic gender bias and women's behavioral agency self-efficacy Open PDF 
    (American Counseling Association, 1996)
    Ancis, J.R.
    ;
    Phillips, S.D.
    The relationship between academic gender bias and female students' agentic self-efficacy expectations was examined. Agentic self-efficacy expectations was defined as an individual's beliefs about her ability to successfully engage in proactive educational and career facilitative behaviors. Participants included 67 full-time junior and senior undergraduate women enrolled in traditional, nontraditional and gender-neutral majors. Results revealed that perceived academic gender bias was significantly predictive of agentic self-efficacy expectations, above and beyond the contributions of sex role attitudes, gender concentration of major, and race/ethnicity. Implications for women's career development and future research are discussed.